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he Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southernslopes of Tianshou Mountain. They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynastyemperors. In July 20___ the site was designated a world cultural heritage siteby UNESCO.
Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle (1407)。 Zhu Di sent
Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----LiaoJunqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place forthe tombs. It is said that this group of people first selected the area of TuJia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldnt be used as theburial ground. Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping.However, since the surname of the emperor (Zhu) is a homophone for pig andbecause a village named wolf mouth ravine was located there, they decidedagainst using that area. Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing. Again,since Yanjia was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemedunsuitable. It was not until the 7th year of Yongle (1409)， that they finallychose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.
The whole area covers 40 square kilometers. It has mountains to its east,west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of itssouthern entrance. The 13 tombs go from north to south. They are arranged in themanner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front andliving quarters in the rear. In front of the tombs are divine passes, stonearchways and steel towers. The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over theUnderground Palace.
There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty. Buried in the Ming tombs,are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes,princesses and maids. The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwenand Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.
The founder of the Ming https://m.huzhidao.com/ Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital inpresent day Nanjing where he was buried after his death. His tomb is calledXiaoling (Tomb of Filial Piety)。
The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing. Somesaid that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple andbecame a monk. There is no final conclusion yet.
The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elderbrother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in theTumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother ofZhu Qizhen. Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen wasback and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.
The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (1540) as a symbolof the Ming Tombs. It is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 archessupported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons andlotus flowers. The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stonearch preserved in the country today. The major designs of dragon and clouddecorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. In addition, it alsodemonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.
The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is morecommonly known as Big Red Gate. Facing south, there are three arch entrances tothe gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs. Flanking the gate are two stonetablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people todismount, before entering into the tomb area. If they did not obey, they wouldbe punished for their disrespect. The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the MingDynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood andbreak twigs would be flogged. Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would bebeheaded. Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged ahundred times.
The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande (1435)， and standsabout 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. A huge tablet stands in the middleof the Tablet House. The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong forChengzu. The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detailthe conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling. On theeast side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qinggovernment. On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing. It waswritten in the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall ofthe Ming Dynasty.
On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings (36in all)。 Behind the house, there are two stone pillars. Beyond the pillars arestone animals and other statues. Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Linhorses .All of the animals are in two pairs. Two stand, while the other twokneel. It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials andofficials of merit, four in each group. These stone animals and statues weremade in the 10th year of Xuande (1435)。 They reflect the imperial power when hewas alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. The animals andstatues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons andeach was delicately and masterfully carved.
Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and PhoenixGate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven. The gate is pierced with six doorleaves, attached to three archways. The top of the central section of the threearchways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as theFlame Archway. To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays aseven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling. To the east of theseven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site ofthe seven-arch bridge.
Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwiseknown as the Sacred Way or the Tomb path. We passed the Memorial Arch, the BigPalace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and LingXing Gate. This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north,all the way to the Gate of Changling.
Now, we are moving to Chang Ling. Changling is the first tomb built in theMing Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and hisempress Xu.
Zhu Di (Chengzu) of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the firstEmperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360. Zhu Di was conferred the title of theprince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu (1370)。 He was appointed at Beiping.After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Ming Emperor)， Zhu Di used thepretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead anarmy expedition down south to Nanjing. He seized the throne in the 4th year ofJianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of AncestralWorship in Nanjing. Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in theMing Dynasty. As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out tobattle. He had great achievements in calming down the north. After he took overhis nephews power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughoutthe country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. He made the importantdecision to move the capital to Beijing. During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificentdevelopments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. In terms ofculture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao andothers to compile the Yongle encyclopedia. The book has become the largest bookever complied in Chinese history. For expanding external exchanges and trade,Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold,silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia and Africa seven times in theearly years of Yongle.
Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling. EmpressXushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers ofthe Ming Dynasty. Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles ofinternal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate peoplesminds. She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tombarea.
The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among thethirteen tombs. It is a valuable relic of ancient Chinas wooden structures. Itis nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China. Theroof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered withyellow glazed tiles. The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middlefour in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over onemeter. It is known as the best Nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.
Now we are going to Dinging. Dingling is located at the east foot of DayuMountain. Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) and his twoempresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of theMing Emperors. (He was emperor for 48 years)。 He was the greediest and laziestemperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9.After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng. Atthis time, various aspects of society gained development.
Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness. Not long after Wanli managed stateaffairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb sitewhen he went to pay homage to the ancestors tombs. He spent eight million taelsof silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and six years to build a high quality tombDingling. After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspectit, and felt very satisfied with the result. He went so far as to hold a grandbanquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.
Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. Reflecting on his reign, hedid not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. The stateorgan was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. Later generationscommented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.
Zhu Yijun had two empresses. Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid ofWanlis mother Cisheng. Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. That sonwas the one-month emperor Guangzong (Zhu Changluo)。 She died of illness 9 yearsearlier than Shenzong died. She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, aroundthe east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount. After Xiaojing was conferred thetitle of “grandmother of the emperor”， her body was moved to the UndergroundPalace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduanon the same day. Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could notgive birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. Xiaoduan died ofillness. A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) died too. EmpressXiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in theUnderground Palace.
The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it. It is called thewordless tablet. There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a patternof sea waves carved on the bottom. Its base is composed of a tortoise (Bixi)。 Itis said that the dragon has nine sons. In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excludingChangling, all the tablets are wordless. Originally there were no tablet housesin front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first sixtombs were completed. But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking,lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention onthe inscriptions. Consequently the six tablets are wordless. And in keeping withthis tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.
Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of EminentFavor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment.It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificialrites. They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came. And they weredestroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.
Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after theexcavation of the Underground Palace. The exhibition explains in detail thehistory of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process. Theexhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. In thesouth room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthedfrom the Underground Palace. In the north room, on display are the sacrificialitems of the two empresses. All of then are fancy and invaluable.
Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. It is astone structure with colorful painted decorations. The Soul Tower and thePrecious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously. The Soul Toweris the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling. On top of theyellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet. Two Chinesecharacters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet. Inside the Soul Tower, on topof another stone tablet, there are two big characters----the Great Ming writtenin seal characters. On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----Tombof Emperor Shenzong Xian are carved. The Soul Tower is connected with thePrecious Citadel. The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks.The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upperpart is thin. The round walls perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wallis a large artificial mound, the emperors tomb mound, known as Precious Top.
Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated. Formal excavation workstarted in May 1956 and ended in 1958. First, the working personnel discoveredan exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel ofDingling. So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. Atthe bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. Three monthslater, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, theydug the second tunnel. During the digging, they encountered with a stone tabletwhich inscribed the words from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies theprecious wall. Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up theUnderground Palace.
According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the thirdtunnel, they found a stone tunnel. At last they got to the precious wall. Thusthey opened the precious wall with a square stone room. To the west end of theroom, lay two marble doors. The working personnel used a wire and wood plank toremove the self-acting stone bar, which was against the back of the door. Withthis method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.
The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles ofgeomancy Altogether there are five chambers. The chambers are separated by sevenmarble doors. The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of1,195 square meters. There is a same structure stone door in between the front,middle and rear chambers. The door is made of marble. The biggest marble door is3. 3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight. It looks heavy, but it isreasonably designed. The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle,so the door is easy to open and close. On top of the door is a lintel (made ofbronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. Carved onthe front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals withrings in their mouths. Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is aprotruding section that holds the doors self-acting stone bar.
The front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. Thefloor is covered with gold bricks. According to records, the gold bricks aresmooth and durable. The more you polish them, the brighter they become. Thereare no decorations in the front and two annex chambers. In the middle chamber,there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known asthe precious thrones. In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazedofferings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Years style with acloud-and-dragon design. It is about 0.7 meters in diameter. Originally therewas sesame oil in the jar. On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with awick inside. It is called the everlasting lamp. Due to the lack of oxygen, thelight went out so the oil had not been used all.
The rear chamber is the biggest of the three. It is 9.5 meters high, 31meters long, 9.l meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. In therear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. Placed on theplatform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.
In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filledwith soil called Gold Well. Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside thecoffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being buried with jade. Ancientpeople believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy. It could prevent the bodyfrom decay for a long time. Being buried with jade on a Gold Well was thehighest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.
Originally the empresss coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber.Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as theemperors? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July EmperorWanli also died. After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after hissuccession. In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died insuccession. In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojings coffin to Dingling.All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor ZhuYoujian. The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearlyrecorded in historical documents)。 The rainy season had already arrived beforethe funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress annex chamber maynot have been convenient to open. So the coffins of the emperor, empresses allentered the Underground Palace through the front entrance. After the coffinsentered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers werenarrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. So they had toput all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.
Now please follow me out of the underground palace. And our tour for todayis completed. I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable.We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at4:00pm. Thank you.
圆明园坐落在北京西郊海淀区，与颐和园紧相毗邻。它始建于康熙46年（1720xx年），亦称“圆明三园”，是圆明园及其附园长春园、万春园的统称，是清代行宫式御园，占地350公顷（5200余亩），其中水面面积约140公顷（2100亩），有园林风景百余处，是清朝帝王在150余年间创建和经营的一座大型皇家宫苑。
“圆明园”由康熙皇帝命名。“圆明”是雍正皇帝自皇子时期一直使用的佛号。康熙皇帝在把园林赐给胤禛（后为雍正皇帝）时，亲题园名为“圆明园”正是取意于此。雍正皇帝解释说“圆明”二字的含义是：“圆而入神，君子之时中也；明而普照，达人之睿智也。”意思是说，“圆”是指个人品德0无缺，超越常人；“明”是指政治业绩明光普照，完美明智。
圆明园继承了中国三千多年的优秀造园传统，既有宫廷建筑的雍容华贵，又有江南水乡园林的委婉多姿，同时，又吸取了欧洲的园林建筑形式，把不同风格的园林建筑融为一体，在整体布局上使人感到和谐完美，体现了中国古代造园艺术之精华，是当时最出色的一座大型园林。乾隆皇帝说它：“实天宝地灵之区，帝王豫游之地，无以逾此”。圆明园不仅以园林著称，而且也是一座收藏相当丰富的皇家博物馆。园内各殿堂内装饰有难以计数的紫檀木家具，陈列有许多国内外稀世文物。园中文源阁是全国四大皇家藏书楼之一。园中各处藏有《四库全书》、《古今图书集成》、《四库全书荟要》等珍贵图书文物。圆明园，曾以其宏大的地域规模、杰出的营造技艺、精美的建筑景群、丰富的文化收藏和博大精深的民族文化内涵而享誉于世，被誉为“一切造园艺术的典范”和“万园之园”。
圆明园于咸丰十年，即1860年的10月，遭到英法联军的洗劫和焚毁，1979年，圆明园遗址被列为北京市重点文物保护单位。于1988年建成圆明园遗址公园，仅存山形水系、园林格局和建筑基址，假山叠石、雕刻残迹仍然可见。在“西洋楼”旧址建有园史展览馆，供人瞻仰凭吊，令人痛定思痛。
Welcome to the Great Wall. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yale River in Leaning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces——Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu and two autonomous regions——Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. Walls, then, was built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368——1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today.
The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors.
The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven"。
There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.
Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First PaUnder Heaven)， Shanghaiguan Pais situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to supprethe peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)
As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.
卢沟桥位于北京西南广安门外30里的永定河上。卢沟桥全长266.5米，宽7.5米，最宽处可达9.3米。有桥墩十座，共11孔，整个桥体都是石结构，关键部位均有银锭铁榫连接，为华北最长的古代石桥。特别是桥墩造法颇有特色，墩下面呈船形，迎水面砌作分水尖，外形像一个尖尖的船头，其作用为抗击流水的冲击。桥上的石刻十分精美，桥身的石雕护栏上共有望柱281根，柱高1.4米，柱头刻莲座，座下为荷叶墩，柱顶刻有众多的石狮。望柱上雕有大小不等、形态各异、数之不尽的石狮子。民间有句歇后语说：“卢沟桥的石狮子——数不清”，明代《帝京景物略》也有卢沟桥的石狮子“数之辄不尽”的记载。许多游人试图搞清数目，但数来数去，眼花乱，最后只有作罢。1962年有关部门专门派人搞了一次清点，逐个编号登记，清点出大小石狮子485个，至此，应该说是“迷团冰释”了。孰料，在1979年的复查中，又发现了17个，这样，大小石狮子的总数应为502个，今后是否还会发现，谁也不敢来划这个句号。著名建筑学家罗哲文先生《名闻中外的卢沟桥》一文曾对这些雕刻精美、神态活现的石狮子有过极为生动的描绘：“……有的昂首挺胸，仰望云天；有的双目凝神，注视桥面；有的侧身转首，两两相对，好像在交谈；有的在抚育狮儿，好像在轻轻呼唤；桥南边东部有一只石狮，高竖起一只耳朵，好似在倾听着桥下潺潺的流水和过往行人的说话……真是千姿百态，神情活现。”天下名桥各擅胜场，而卢沟桥却以高超的建桥技术和精美的石狮雕刻独标风韵，誉满中外，实属古今世界上一大奇观。
永定河原名“卢沟”，又名桑干河，为古漯水的一支。源出山西省宁武县的管涔山，至北京西郊东北角，流经芦师山之西。卢沟之名始自唐代。因其水混浊，又称作小黄河。其河水经常泛滥，河道迁徒不定，故又称无定河。清康熙20xx年疏浚后改名永定河，卢沟之名遂废。
卢沟桥始建于金代大定20xx年（1189年），是北京现存最古老的连拱石桥。初名广利桥，后因永定河在清康熙37年（1698年）以前叫卢沟河，故改称卢沟桥。此桥始建于金世宗大定20xx年（1189年），落成于金章宗明昌33年（1192年）。800多年来，后世虽数度废兴，然其雄风浩气一仍其旧。意大利旅行家马可。波罗到此游览后，惊奇万分，盛赞它是“世界上最好的、独一无二的桥”。国外称其为“马可。波罗桥”。
卢沟桥是一座英雄桥。卢沟桥位于北京西南郊，因横跨卢沟而名。卢沟桥一带，是燕地通往华北平原的要津，重要的古渡口。卢沟桥自古就是战略要地、交通咽喉，守桥与夺桥之战不绝于史。在历史上，这座宏伟坚固的联拱石桥还担负着沟通长城内外、联系祖国各地的交通任务。明代赵宽《题卢沟晓月图》诗曰：“银河半落长庚明，城高万户皆鸡声。长桥卧波鳌背耸，上有车马萧萧行。苍烟淡接平芜迥，沙际朦胧见人影。举头一望天宇高，残月苍苍在西岭。”诗中描绘了当年人们在鸡声残月中，车马萧萧、行人匆匆通过卢沟桥赶往京城的繁忙景象。由此可见，卢沟桥是京南通往各地的咽喉要道。桥东不远即为旧宛平城。宛平县始建于明崇帧20xx年（1638年），曾名拱北城、拱极城，是明清两代守卫京都的重要门户。进入20世纪，在卢沟桥以北不远处又架起一座铁路桥，1920xx年中国的交通大动脉平汉铁路经此全线通车。另外，卢沟桥地区还有两条铁路支线，一达北平、通县；一经丰台与北宁线相接。这样，卢沟桥地区就成为平汉、平绥、平津3条铁路线的汇合点，其战略地位更加重要了。
大巴车摇摇晃晃地沿着山路驶向遗址，远处墨绿的山脉绵延起伏，没有入云的高耸，却有如刀削般的陡峭山势，尘土飞扬间映入眼帘的尽是灰黄的色彩。好一处荒无人烟的地方！我无法想象曾经居住在这里的北京猿人是如何定居，如何生活的。
跟着导游爬了好一段台阶，绕着山腰转了好几个圈，沿路零散竖着几个标牌，标牌上写着这里发掘出的遗迹古物。小道旁时不时有已经灭绝的远古动物的模型，龇着牙，咧着嘴，目光直直射向前方，仿佛虚空中有它的猎物；还有北京猿人的生活写照，或半蹲，或直立，或侧身仰头，举起手中石器，有的背着刚刚捕获的猎物……哪怕经过万年时光，也能看到他们脸上满足的笑意。心中的好奇愈发强烈，我加快了步伐想要一探究竟。
终于到了第一处洞穴――新洞。洞口很大，洞口前的沙石似是被用心打磨过，一层层如利刃剑锋，历经万年仍有森森寒意。在洞口，便可一览这新洞的全貌。新洞是保存最完好的一处洞穴，最高处约有5米，洞里空间不大，但住一家人亦是足够。愈往洞的深处走，温度愈发低，但又不至于寒冷。真真应了讲解员的那句话，这洞的选址是极为巧妙的，夏日凉爽，冬日也不冷。脚下踩着深黄色的土石，混凝得细密、结实，也不会太滑。有一层岩石比地面高出一米左右，沙石更加细腻平坦，我估计是那时北京猿人睡觉的地方。
手电筒苍白的光柱照进洞的深处，隐约可以看见有棱有角的几块岩石散落在洞的一角，猜想可能是他们生活用的器具、工具等。那些岩石虽是零散地放置在了洞穴中最不明显的一隅，但是它们中每一件，都是这片土地上最早居住的'先祖们的智慧结晶。它们是北京猿人生活过的痕迹，穿梭了万年岁月，今日与我们相遇。仿佛是为了赴一场万年的约会，不用多么高调地显露它们的价值，那些石头只需静默地守候在那里，用万年不变的目光注视着我们这些渴望求知的拜访者。与它们对视，眸中含了沧桑，写满了古朴。但我清清楚楚地知道，它们代表了什么。
达尔文进化论中不可或缺的一环，北京猿人的存在证明了历史必然的发展趋势。那个时代的他们，懂得生存，更懂得更好地生存。会使用简单的工具，也会选一处避风的港湾与家人同住，甚至也会用贝壳兽骨雕刻出小小的饰品。
崇敬之情萦绕心间，看着每一处洞穴，我都会想想那时的人过着怎样的生活，又有着怎样的智慧。惊叹于他们已然学会与自然抗争，感慨于他们已然懂得谋求更好的生活方式。
北京猿人，自有他们的智慧。
大熊猫是古老的的动物，被称为“活化石”。主要生活在四川和西藏的山区，及其珍稀。它的体态肥胖，皮毛黑白分明，头圆而大，白色的脸上有两个八字形的黑眼圈，就像戴上了一副墨镜。一条黑色的带子从肩一直伸展到整个前肢，并且逐步变宽，后肢也是黑颜色，身体的其他地方都是白色。大熊猫走起路来总是拖着笨拙的身体，大摇大摆第走路。高兴时，它会卷成一团，满地打滚，它的视觉较差，行动缓慢，但能快速而灵活地爬上高大的树木。大熊猫还有高超的游泳技术，若在河边遭遇敌害，会迅速下水逃走。
大熊猫的胃口可大了，每天要吃差不多10~20公斤竹子。不过，大熊猫也不是完全吃素的；在竹林里如果碰到竹鼠，他会仔细地寻找鼠洞，用前爪拼命拍打地面，迫使竹鼠从洞里面跑出来，一把抓住，吃上一顿美餐，有时，大熊猫也会闯进农家，赶走正在孵蛋的母鸡，把一窝蛋吃个精光，心满意足地开一次斋。大熊猫喜欢喝水，它喝水的样子也是蛮有趣的。它先慢吞吞地走到小溪边，用爪子挖一个小坑，让水流到小坑里，一边和睡一边游泳，直到喝得大腹便便，才蹒跚地走回家。如果实在喝的太多了，连走也走不动了，就索性躺在小溪边，呼呼大睡起来。
大熊猫生性孤僻，常分散独栖与茂密的竹林中，没有固定的居住地点，会随着季节的变化而搬家，故得雅号“竹林隐士”。仅在春暖花开时，为了爱，它们才各自大破鸿沟，相互追逐，热恋成婚。熊猫妈妈经过了3~5个月怀胎之后，小熊猫在9月诞生。刚生下的熊猫宝宝只有90~130克。在熊猫宝宝出生后的头几天，熊猫妈妈前足紧抱它，片刻不离开，未满三、四个月以前，妈妈随时随地带着宝宝，离窝时也是随身抱着以确保小宝宝的安全。但过分的溺爱会造成意外的悲剧，熊猫妈妈常在熟睡中将孩子不慎压死。
1984年，第23届奥运会在洛杉矶举行，大会的吉祥物被选定为大熊猫。所以，我国借出了一对大熊猫作为友谊的使者，出使美国，它们受到了全世界人民的喜爱！