八年级英语Unit7单元教学主要是教授学生Unit7单元的英语知识点，那么八年级下册英语第七单元知识点有哪些呢?以下是小编准备的一些八年级下册英语第七单元知识点归纳，仅供参考。
八年级下册英语第七单元知识点
Unit7单元知识点：重点短语一
1. as big as 与……一样大
2. one of the oldest countries 最古老的国家之一
3. feel free to do sth. 随意地做某事
4. as far as I know 据我所知
5. man-made objects 人造物体
6. part o f... ...... 的组成部分
7. the highest mountain 最高的山脉
8. in the w orld 在世界上
9. any other mountain 其他任何一座山
10. of a ll the salt lakes 在所有的咸水湖中
11. run along 跨越… …
12. freezing weather ?冰冻的天气
13. take in a ir 呼吸空气
14. the firs t people to do sth. 第一个做某事的人
15. in the face of difficulties 面临危险
16. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
17. achieve one’ s dream 实现某人的梦想
18. the forces of nature 自然界的`力量
19. reach the top 到达顶峰
20. even though 虽然;尽管
Unit7单元知识点：重点短语二
1. at b irth 在出生的时候
2. be awake 醒着
3. run over w ith excitement 兴奋地跑过去
4. w alk into sb. 撞到某人
5. fa ll over 摔倒
6. take care of 照顾;照料
7. every two years ?每两年
8. cut down the forests 砍伐林木
9. endangered animals 濒危动物
10. fewer and fewer pandas 大熊猫越来越少
11. be in danger 处于危险之中
12. the importance of saving these animals 拯救这些动物的重要性
Unit7单元知识点：重点句型
1. It is -\~adj. + (fo r sb. ) to do sth.
It is also very hard to take in a ir as you get near the top.
当你接近山顶时，连呼吸都会困难。
2. . . . is because...
One of the main reasons is because people want to challenge themselves in the face of difficulties.
其中的一个主要的原因是人们想要在面临困难时挑战自己。
3. . . . show(s) th a t...
The spirit of these climbers shows us that weshould never give up tryin g to achieve our dreams.
这些登山者的精神向我们证明：我们永远都不应该放弃实现自己的梦想。
4. H ow high/ deep/. . . is ... ?
H ow high is Qomolangma?
珠穆朗玛峰有多高?
5. Although. “ ，…
A lthough Japan is older than Canada，it is much smaller.
虽然日本比加拿大有更悠久的历史，但是日本比加拿大小多了。
6. sb. spend tim e/money doing sth.
Adult pandas spend more than 12 hours a day eating about 10 kilos of bamboo.
成年大熊猫一天要花12个多小时的时间吃大约
八年级英语下册第七单元测试题
第一部分 听力(20分)
Ⅰ. 听句子，选择正确答语。每个句子读一遍。(5分)
( )1. A. Thank you. B. Cooking is interesting. C. Congratulations!
( )2. A. Of course not. B. Yes, I would. C. You decide.
( )3. A. Fish is delicious! B. Thank you. C. Yes, I’m hungry.
( )4. A. Noodles. B. Milk. C. Water.
( )5. A. Oh, I know.
B. Why not send him to see a doctor?
C. I’m sorry to hear that.
Ⅱ. 听对话及问题，选择正确答案。每段对话及问题读一遍。(5分)
( )6. A. No, he doesn’t know. B. He wants to ask Li Mei. C. He doesn’t want to tell her.
( )7. A. She should keep the knife in her left hand and the fork in her right hand.
B. She should keep the knife in her right hand and the fork in her left hand.
C. She should keep the spoon in her right hand and the fork in her left hand.
( )8. A. Lemonade. B. Tea. C. Coffee.
( )9. A. Yes, it is. B. It’s polite. C. The man doesn’t think so.
( )10. A. Eggs and milk. B. Eggs and porridge. C. Pancakes and porridge.
Ⅲ. 听短文，填空。短文读两遍。(5分)
Name Activities
Feifei Prepare some salt, 11. and pepper.
Dawei 12. up some vegetables and 13. .
Li Hua 14. some green onions.
Dongdong Prepare the 15. in the kitchen.
Ⅳ. 听短文，选择正确答案。短文读两遍。(5分)
( )16. How many meals do people eat in many English homes?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four.
( )17. When do people have their breakfast?
A. From seven to nine in the morning.
B. At half past seven.
C. From four to five.
( )18. Does lunch come at twelve o’clock?
A. Yes, it does. B. No, it doesn’t. C. We don’t know.
( )19. What do they have first for dinner?
A. They have soup first.
B. They have meat or fish first.
C. They have other things first.
( )20. Does every English person eat in the same way?
A. We don’t know. B. Yes, they do. C. No, they don’t.
第二部分 英语知识运用(55分)
Ⅰ. 单项选择。(10分)
( )1. It’s very kind ____ you to help me with my English.
A. for B. with C. of D. to
( )2. —Could I have ____ bottle of apple juice, please?
—Of course. Here you are.
A. another B. other C. the other D. others
( )3. Please ____ the ham and green onions finely, then add them to the bread.
A. cut up B. cut into C. cut in D. cut off
( )4. Don’t worry. My father will ____ us up in the car if it rains tomorrow.
A. bring B. take C. carry D. pick
( )5. I remembered ____ off the light last night, but it was still on.
A. turning B. to turn C. turned D. turn
( )6. I don’t know ____ it’s polite or not to eat with our arms or elbows on the table in America.
A. if B. whether C. weather D. which
( )7. In old days, people often used animals ____ in the fields.
A. to working B. for working C. to work D. work
( )8. Somebody ____ begging for(讨要) money near the bridge last week.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
( )9. It’s impolite ____ laugh at others in our country.
A. to B. for C. onto D. with
( )10. —I want to know if Bob ____ us in the discussion tonight.
—I believe if he ____ his homework, he will join us.
A. will join; will finish B. will join; finishes
C. joins; finishes D. joins; will finish
Ⅱ. 情景交际。(5分)
根据对话情景选择恰当的选项，其中有两项是多余的。
A. I don’t have enough time to sleep.
B. I can get to school on time.
C. Bread, eggs and milk are ready now.
D. My favorite food is fried rice.
E. Your whole day will be fun after you enjoy a good breakfast.
F. I don’t eat anything in the morning.
G. I want to sleep for a few more minutes.
A: Meimei! It’s time to get up, or you’ll be late!
B: Don’t worry, Mom. 11
A: How? With so little time!
B: You know, sometimes 12
A: But a good breakfast is very important, so you should have breakfast on time.
B: Mom, last night I had a lot of homework to do and 13
A: I see. But it doesn’t take you much time to have breakfast. 14
B: OK, Mom. I’m coming.
A: Meimei, having breakfast on time can help you to work better and play more happily. 15
B: I know, Mom. Thank you. It’s time to go. Bye-bye.
A: Bye.
11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____
Ⅲ. 完形填空。(10分)
People in different countries have different ways of doing things. Something is 16 in one country, but it may be quite impolite in another. In Britain, you mustn’t lift your bowl to your 17 when you are having some liquid(液体) food. But it’s 18 in China. And in Japan you even needn’t worry about making 19 while you are having it. It shows that you’re enjoying it. But people in Britain think it is bad manners. If you are a visitor in Mongolia, what manners do they wish 20 to have? They wish you to have a loud “burp”(打嗝) 21 you finish eating. Burping shows that you like the food.
In Britain, you should try not to 22 your hands on the table when you’re having a meal. In Mexico, however, guests may keep their hands on the table during a meal. But in Arab(阿拉伯) countries you must be very careful with your hands. You 23 eat with your left hand. Arabs consider(认为) it very 24 manners eating with left hands. So when you are in other countries, 25 carefully and follow them. As a saying goes, “Do as the Romans do. ”
( )16. A. bad B. useful C. terrible D. polite
( )17. A. mouth B. nose C. ears D. eyes
( )18. A. same B. different C. important D. difficult
( )19. A. faces B. noises C. mistakes D. friends
( )20. A. them B. her C. you D. him
( )21. A. after B. before C. if D. until
( )22. A. give B. take C. bring D. put
( )23. A. needn’t B. must not C. shouldn’t D. may not
( )24. A. different B. important C. good D. bad
( )25. A. see B. look C. read D. watch
Ⅳ. 阅读理解。(30分)
(A)
Most American children eat potatoes. But many children don’t know which part of the potato is the best for food. Take a knife and cut a slice of potato from the middle as thin as paper. Hold the slice of potato against the light and look at it. You will see that the potato has a skin, an outside rim(边缘) and inside part. The outside rim, which is right under the skin of the potato, is more valuable(有价值) than other parts. But people usually throw it away with the skin. Even the skin itself is better for food than the inside part. When eating a cooked potato, if you choose the inside and leave the outside, you are throwing away the best part of it. If you can’t eat the whole potato, you can eat the outside rim first and leave the inside.
( )26. How many parts does the potato have?
A. It has only one part, outside rim.
B. It has two parts, skin and outside rim.
C. It has three parts, a skin, an outside rim and inside part.
D. It has four parts, middle, skin, outside rim and an inside part.
( )27. What’s the best part of the potato?
A. Outside rim. B. Inside part. C. Middle. D. Skin.
( )28. What should you eat first if you can’t eat the whole potato?
A. Skin only. B. Inside part. C. Outside rim. D. Part of it.
( )29. In fact the skin is ____.
A. not good at all B. better than the inside part
C. better than the outside rim D. as good as the outside rim
( )30. What does this passage tell about potatoes?
A. How to cook them. B. How to plant them.
C. What is in the potatoes. D. How to eat them.
(B)
When you’re invited to have dinner in a foreigner’s home, please remember the followings.
At the table, when the hostess(女主人) picks up her napkin, you may pick up yours and put it on your legs.
If a servant(佣人) passes food around, he will pass the dish to you at your left hand so that you can easily serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right. It is then the turn of your neighbour on the right.
Do not reach across the table to get something in front of someone. That is not polite. Ask him or her to pass it to you.
There are things in the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, and candies. You shouldn’t take any until the hostess tells the servant to pass them to you.
Do not leave your seat without saying anything. If you need to leave the table to go to the washroom or do something else, you should say “Excuse me for a moment, please. ”
根据短文内容，判断正(T)误(F)。
( )31. You should put your napkin on your legs before the hostess picks up hers.
( )32. The dish is passed to you on either side.
( )33. If the food is far from you, you shouldn’t stand up to serve yourself.
( )34. You may take any food at any time.
( )35. When you have to leave your seat, you need to say “Excuse me for a moment, please. ”
(C)
An important question about eating out is who pays for the meal. If a friend of yours asks you to have lunch with him, you may say something like this, “I’m afraid it’ll have to be someplace cheap, as I have very little money.” The other person may say, “OK, I’ll meet you at Mc Donald’s.”
This means that the two agree to go Dutch, that is, each person pays for himself. He may also says,“Oh, no, I want to take you to lunch at Smith’s.” This means the person wants to pay for you. If you feel friendly towards this person, you can go with him and you needn’t pay for the meal.
American customs about who pays for dates(约会) are almost the same as in other parts of the world. In the old days, American women wanted men to pay for all the meals. But today, a university girl or a woman in the business world will usually pay her own meal. So as you can see, it is a polite thing to make the question clear at the very beginning.
根据短文内容，完成下列各题。
36. 将文中第一个句子翻译成汉语。
_________________________________________________________________________
37. What’s the meaning of “go Dutch”? ( )
A. 去饭馆 B. 订餐 C. 就餐 D. 各自付款
38. In the old days ____ often paid for all the meals in America.
39. If you feel friendly to the person, _______________________________.
40. We’d better know who will pay for the meal ______________________.
第三部分 写作(25分)
Ⅰ. 词汇部分。(10分)
(A)根据句意，用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
41. The tea is too strong. You need ____ (add) some more water slowly.
42. Dongdong is preparing the ____ (cook) now.
43. I think rice is grown in the ____ (south) part of China.
44. Can you say five kinds of fruit ____ (immediate)?
45. They are always smiling and friendly and ____ (politely) to passengers.
(B)根据句意及汉语提示填空。
46. Tom likes fruit very much, and he often ____ (吃完) ten apples in a few minutes.
47. ____ (为了) improve his oral English, he often goes to the English corner.
48. Our English class often ____ (以……开始) a lively song, so we all like it.
49. When he was ____ (为……干杯) me, I gave him a hug.
50. The child is at the age of two, he needs someone to ____(切碎) his food for him.
Ⅱ. 句型转换。(5分)
51. Would you mind opening the door?(改为同义句)
Would you mind ____ ____ open the door?
52. My favorite food is dumplings. (对画线部分提问)
____ ____ ____ favorite food?
53. I wanted to know ...
How did you make sandwiches?(合并为含宾语从句的句子)
___________________________________________________________
54. These courses aren’t the same as those ones. (改为同义句)
These courses are ____ ____ those ones.
55. You’d better cook chicken soup tonight. (改为否定句)
You’d ____ ____ cook chicken soup tonight.
Ⅲ. 书面表达。(10分)
你的美国笔友想学做一道中国菜，这有一个食谱，试着向你的朋友介绍一下做法，词数在40—50之间。
原料：豆芽(bean sprouts)，盐。
步骤：首先把锅放在火上。然后在锅里倒一些油。油热了之后，放入豆芽、盐。翻炒(stir fry)一两分钟。最后将豆芽盛入盘子里。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
八年级英语下册第七单元测试题答案
听力材料
Ⅰ. 听句子，选择正确答语。每个句子读一遍。
1. Mom, I can make fried rice by myself.
2. Would you mind if I close the door?
3. Help yourselves to some fish, kids!
4. What’s your father cooking?
5. My father was hurt when he was cutting up the meat.
Ⅱ. 听对话及问题，选择正确答案。每段对话及问题读一遍。
6. W: Could you tell me how to make fried rice?
M: I’m sorry I don’t know. You can ask Li Mei.
Q: Does the boy know how to make fried rice?
7. W: What should I do when I go to a formal western dinner party?
M: You should keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left hand.
W: Thanks.
Q: What should the woman do when she goes to a formal western dinner party?
8. W: What do you often drink after a meal, Mike?
M: I often drink some water, but sometimes I drink tea. What about you, Nancy?
W: I usually drink lemonade.
Q: What does Nancy usually drink after a meal?
9. W: Is it polite to smoke during a meal in China?
M: I think it’s impolite.
Q: Is it polite to smoke during a meal in China?
10. W: Do you know if people in your hometown have eggs and milk for breakfast, Dingding?
M: I don’t think so. Most of them have pancakes and porridge for breakfast.
Q: What do people in Dingding’s hometown have for breakfast?
Ⅲ. 听短文，填空。短文读两遍。
Today is Sunday. Feifei, Dawei, Li Hua and Dongdong are making dumplings at home. Look! Dawei is cutting up some vegetables and pork. Feifei is preparing some salt, oil and pepper. Li Hua is adding some green onions. Where is Dongdong? He is preparing the cooker in the kitchen.
Ⅳ. 听短文，选择正确答案。短文读两遍。
In many English homes people eat four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner.
People have breakfast from seven to nine in the morning. They eat porridge, eggs, or bread. English people drink tea or coffee at breakfast.
Lunch comes at one o’clock. Afternoon tea is from four to five in the afternoon and dinner is at about half past seven. First, they have soup, and then they have meat or fish with vegetables. After that they eat some other things, like bananas, apples or oranges. But not all English people eat like that. Some of them have their dinner in the middle of the day. Their meals are breakfast, dinner, afternoon tea and supper and all these meals are very simple.
参考答案
第一部分 听力
Ⅰ. 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
Ⅱ. 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C
Ⅲ. 11. oil 12. Cut 13. pork 14. Add 15. cooker
Ⅳ. 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. C
第二部分 英语知识运用
Ⅰ. 1. C 考查句式It’s+形容词+of/for sb. +to do sth.。当形容词表示人的性格特征时用of。故选C。
2. A 考查不定代词的用法。由句意“我可以再喝一瓶苹果汁吗?”可知。another许多中的另一个;the other两者中的另一个。故选A。
3. A 考查动词短语的区别。cut up切碎;cut into 把……切成……; cut in把……切开;
cut off切断，砍掉。故选A。
4. D 考查动词短语的用法。pick sb. up开车接某人;bring up 养育，教养(孩子); take up占去(时间或空间);carry up不存在此用法。故选D。
5. A 考查remember to do sth. 与remember doing sth. 的区别。remember to do sth.表示记得要做某事。remember doing sth. 表示记得做过某事。本题是记得昨晚关过灯。故选A。
6. B 考查if和whether的用法。二者都可以引导宾语从句;但当句子中有or not时，只能用whether，不能用if。故选B。
7. C 考查短语use ... to do sth. 的用法。use … to do sth. 指利用……做某事;used to do sth. 指过去常做某事，现在不做了; be used to doing sth. 指习惯了做某事。故选C。
8. B 考查somebody作主语时，谓语动词的形式。somebody作主语时，谓语动词常用
单数形式。本题为过去时态。故选B。
9. A 考查句型It’s+形容词+to do sth.。故选A。
10. B 考查if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句。在宾语从句中，可以使用将来时态;在
条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。故选B。
Ⅱ. 11. B 12. F 13. G 14. C 15. E
Ⅲ. 16. D 由句意“在一个国家是礼貌的行为，但是在另外一个国家可能是不礼貌的行为”
可知，前后应该是对应的'。故选D。
17. A 吃饭的时候肯定与嘴有关，与鼻子、耳朵和眼睛没有关系。句意为“在英国，当
你吃带汤的食物时，一定不要把碗举到嘴边”。故选A。
18. B 本文主要讲不同的国家有着不同的习惯。这里将中国和英国的情况进行比较。
same意为“相同的”;important意为“重要的”;different意为“不同的”;difficult
意为“困难的”。故选B。
19. B 由句意“在日本你甚至不必要担心吃饭时发出声音，因为那表明你非常喜欢这顿
饭。”可知。make faces做鬼脸;make noises发出噪音;make mistakes犯错误;
make friends交朋友。故选B。
20. C 由句意“在蒙古，人们希望你吃饭后能打个饱嗝，这表明你很喜欢这些食物。”
前后人称要一致。故选C。
21. A 打嗝肯定是在吃完饭之后。故选A。
22. D 由句意“在英国吃饭不能把胳膊放在桌子上”可知。故选D。
23. B 由前一句“在阿拉伯国家，你一定当心你的手”和后一句“阿拉伯人认为用左手
吃饭是不礼貌的”可知。故选B。
24. D 阿拉伯人认为用左手吃饭是一种不好的行为。故选D。
25. D 由句意“当你去其他国家时，要仔细观察和遵守人家的习俗”可知。故选D。
Ⅳ. (A)
26. C 由You will see that the potato has a skin, an outside rim and inside part. 可知C项正
确。
27. A 由The outside rim, which is right under the skin of the potato, is more valuable than
other parts. 可知A项正确。
28. C 由最后一句If you can’t eat the whole potato, you can eat the outside rim first
and leave the inside. 可知C项正确。
29. B 由Even the skin itself is better for food than the inside part. 可知B项正确。
30. D 本题通过对文章的分析可知，所讲的都是有关如何更好地食用马铃薯，所以本题
答案为D项。
(B)
31. F 由第二段中when the hostess picks up her napkin, you may pick up yours and put it
on your legs. 可知本题是错误的。
32. F 由第三段中he will pass the dish to you at your left hand so that you can easily serve
yourself with your right hand. 可知本题是错误的。
33. T 由第四段中Do not reach across the table ... 可知本题是正确的。
34. F 由第五段中You shouldn’t take any until the hostess tells the servant to pass them to
you. 可知本题是错误的。
35. T 由本篇短文最后一个句子可知本题是正确的。
(C)
36. 外出就餐的一个重要的问题就是谁来付钱。
37. D 根据第二段This means that the two agree to go Dutch, that is, each person pays for
himself. 由此可知go Dutch的意思为“各自付款”。故选D。
38. men 根据第三段In the old days, American women wanted men to pay for all the meals.
可知，美国妇女是让男士付所有的饭钱。故填men。
39. you can accept his invitation / go with him
由第二段If you feel friendly towards this person, you can go with him and you needn’t
pay for the meal. 可知。
40. at the beginning
根据第三段最后一句So as you can see, it is a polite thing to make the question clear at the very beginning. 可知“在美国吃饭时，你最好先知道谁付账。”
第三部分 写作
Ⅰ. (A) 41. (to) add 42. cooker 43. southern 44. immediately 45. polite
(B)46. eats up 47. In order to 48. begins with 49. drinking to 50. cut up
Ⅱ. 51. if I
52. What is your
53. I wanted to know how you made sandwiches.
54. different from 55. better not
Ⅲ. 参考范文：
First, put the pan on the fire. And then pour some oil into it. When the oil is hot, put the bean sprouts into the pan. Add some salt. Stir fry them for one or two minutes. Finally, put the bean sprouts on the plate.
八年级下学期英语学习计划
一、本期指导思想
面向全体学生，提高学生的人文素养，增强实践能力和创新精神。正确把握英语学科特点，积极倡导合作探究的学习方式。培养学生积极地情感态度和正确的人生价值观，提高学生综合素质为学生全面发展和终身发展奠定基础。
二、学生情况分析
八年级(11)班60人，八年级(12)班也是60人。刚升入八年级的学生的英语基础方面还很薄弱，经过上学期不懈努力，学生的基础知识得到了加强，学习态度也有所好转。但是学生整体的惰性还是很强，自觉性很差。由于各种因素的影响，学生发展参差不齐。有少数学生因为基础不够好，学习很吃力而自暴自弃，有的因此扰乱课堂次序，这给教学带来不少困难。
另外，学生在情感态度，学习策略方面还存在诸多需要进一步解决的问题。例如：很多学生不能明确学习英语的目的，没有真正认识到学习英语的目的在于交流;有些同学在学习中缺乏小组合作意识;大多数同学没有养成良好的学习习惯，不能做好课前预习课后复习，学习没有计划性和策略性;不善于发现和总结语言规律，不注意知识的巩固和积累。
三、教材基本情况
《新目标英语》八年级(上册)，全书共有十二个单元，另两个复习单元。本教材各单元话题灵活，贴近生活实际。本册书将学习的一些语法知识点有：现在进行时、形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的用法、宾语从句、时间状语从句、条件状语从句、反意疑问句等。
四、教学总体目标
1、学生应有较明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度。
2、能听懂教师对有关熟悉话题的陈述并能参与讨论。
3、能读供七至八年级学生阅读的简单读物和报纸杂志，克服生词障碍，理解大意。
4、能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略。
5、能与他人合作，解决问题并报告结果，共同完成学习任务。能在学习中互相帮助，克服困难。
6、能合理计划和安排学习任务，积极探索适合自己的学习方法。在学习和日常交际中能注意到中外文化的差异。
五、教学具体措施
1、每天背诵课文中的对话。要求学生背诵并默写，培养语感。
2、每天记5个生词，2个常用句子或习语。实施：利用“互测及教师抽查”及时检查，保证效果并坚持下去。
3、认真贯彻晨读制度：规定晨读内容，加强监督保证晨读效果。
4、坚持日测、周测、月测的形成性评价制度：对英语学习实行量化制度，每日、每周、每月都要给学生检验自己努力成果的机会，让进步的同学体会到成就感，让落后的`同学找出差距，感受压力。由此在班里形成浓厚的学习氛围，培养学生健康向上的人格和竞争意识。
5、对后进生进行专门辅导，布置单独的作业，让他们在小进步，小转变中体味学习的快乐，树立学习的自信，尽快成长起来。
6、关注学生的情感，营造宽松、民主、和谐的教学氛围。
7、实施"任务型"的教学途径，培养学生综合语言运用能力
8、在教学中根据目标并结合教学内容，创造性地设计贴近学生实际的教学活动，吸引和组织他们积极参与。学生通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作等方式，学习和使用英语，完成学习任务。
9、加强对学生学习策略的指导，为他们终身学习奠定基础。
10、要充分利用现代教育技术，利用计算机和多媒体教学软件，探索新的教学模式，开发英语教学资源，拓宽学生学习渠道，改进学生学习方式，提高教学效果。
总之，在实际教学活动中，需要不断摸索，以求收到更好的教学效果，不负家长和社会的厚望。