ted英语演讲稿（通用32篇）
Helloeveryone! My name is Ren Qingwen. I am 8years old. I like drawing, reading, andtelling stories. Today I am telling you a story- The missing forest
Once upon atime, there was a kingdom of forest. Everyone lived there happily. Some werehunting, some were making clothes, and some were catching fishes. Life there waswonderful.
There was alaw in this kingdom -nobody could cut down trees. Once the prince was chasing arabbit and he kicked down three little trees by accident. The king knew it andhe let the guards hit the prince thirty times to punish him.
The king wasvery old. Before he dead, he told the prince his last words,” I am very old now. The forest is our last hope. You willbe the new king. You couldn’t change the law, or a lot of monsters will come! Rememberit my son!”
And shortlyafterwards, the prince became the new king. And the country became stronger andstronger. He was a good king but he still grudged that law!
Oneday, a guest came to the kingdom. He showed the king
a drawing.There were houses and buildings on the picture. The king was vey excited. Andhe decided to listen to that man. He commanded to cut down all the trees. Andhe created a new world! Everyone tried to stop him, but it didn’t work.
Trees werecutting down, animals were running away. Tall buildings were built! At thebeginning, people liked the new city,but later something bad happened. All kinds of monsters showed up: rainmonster, hot monster, wind monster and sand monster. People felt sick with theenvironment, because the new citybrought a lot of pollution. People missed the forest, the animals and thelovely city they used to live in. But they were not able to change it at all.They became homeless and had to abandon their city. Watchedthe image lying before him, the king sank into the seat.
Ladies andgentlemen, from this story we can see that we have to protect our home- theearth, we have to protect the trees, the rivers, the animals and the air, orsomething terrible must happen to us!
It is the onlyearth we got！
That’s all! Thankyou!
When I was nine years old I went off to summer camp for the first time. And my mother packed me a suitcase full of books, which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do. Because in my family, reading was the primary group activity. And this might sound antisocial to you, but for us it was really just a different way of being social. You have the animal warmth of your family sitting right next to you, but you are also free to go roaming around the adventureland inside your own mind. And I had this idea that camp was going to be just like this, but better. (Laughter) I had a vision of 10 girls sitting in a cabin cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns.
当我九岁的时候 我第一次去参加夏令营 我妈妈帮我整理好了我的行李箱 里面塞满了书 这对于我来说是一件极为自然的事情 因为在我的家庭里 阅读是主要的家庭活动 听上去你们可能觉得我们是不爱交际的 但是对于我的家庭来说这真的只是接触社会的另一种途径 你们有自己家庭接触时的温暖亲情 家人静坐在你身边 但是你也可以自由地漫游 在你思维深处的冒险乐园里我有一个想法 野营会变得像这样子，当然要更好些 (笑声) 我想象到十个女孩坐在一个小屋里 都穿着合身的女式睡衣惬意地享受着读书的过程
(Laughter)
(笑声)
Camp was more like a keg party without any alcohol. And on the very first day our counselor gathered us all together and she taught us a cheer that she said we would be doing every day for the rest of the summer to instill camp spirit. And it went like this: "R-O-W-D-I-E, that's the way we spell rowdie. Rowdie, rowdie, let's get rowdie." Yeah. So I couldn't figure out for the life of me why we were supposed to be so rowdy, or why we had to spell this word incorrectly. (Laughter) But I recited a cheer. I recited a cheer along with everybody else. I did my best. And I just waited for the time that I could go off and read my books.
野营这时更像是一个不提供酒水的派对聚会 在第一天的时候呢 我们的顾问把我们都集合在一起 并且她教会了我们一种今后要用到的庆祝方式 在余下夏令营的每一天中 让“露营精神”浸润我们 之后它就像这样继续着 R-O-W-D-I-E 这是我们拼写“吵闹"的口号 我们唱着“噪音，喧闹，我们要变得吵一点” 对，就是这样 可我就是弄不明白我的生活会是什么样的 为什么我们变得这么吵闹粗暴 或者为什么我们非要把这个单词错误地拼写 (笑声) 但是我可没有忘记庆祝。我与每个人都互相欢呼庆祝了 我尽了我最大的努力 我只是想等待那一刻 我可以离开吵闹的聚会去捧起我挚爱的书
But the first time that I took my book out of my suitcase, the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and she asked me, "Why are you being so mellow?" -- mellow, of course, being the exact opposite of R-O-W-D-I-E. And then the second time I tried it, the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face and she repeated the point about camp spirit and said we should all work very hard to be outgoing.
但是当我第一次把书从行李箱中拿出来的时候 床铺中最酷的那个女孩向我走了过来 并且她问我：“为什么你要这么安静?” 安静，当然，是R-O-W-D-I-E的反义词 “喧闹”的反义词 而当我第二次拿书的时候 我们的顾问满脸忧虑的向我走了过来 接着她重复了关于“露营精神”的要点并且说我们都应当努力 去变得外向些
And so I put my books away, back in their suitcase, and I put them under my bed, and there they stayed for the rest of the summer. And I felt kind of guilty about this. I felt as if the books needed me somehow, and they were calling out to me and I was forsaking them.But I did forsake them and I didn't open that suitcase again until I was back home with my family at the end of the summer.
于是我放好我的书 放回了属于它们的行李箱中 并且我把它们放到了床底下 在那里它们度过了暑假余下的每一天 我对这样做感到很愧疚 不知为什么我感觉这些书是需要我的 它们在呼唤我，但是我却放弃了它们 我确实放下了它们，并且我再也没有打开那个箱子 直到我和我的家人一起回到家中 在夏末的时候
Now, I tell you this story about summer camp. I could have told you 50 others just like it --all the times that I got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of beingwas not necessarily the right way to go, that I should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert. And I always sensed deep down that this was wrong and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were. But for years I denied this intuition, and so I became a Wall Street lawyer, of all things, instead of the writer that I had always longed to be -- partly because I needed to prove to myself that I could be bold and assertive too. And I was always going off to crowded bars when I really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends. And I made these self-negating choices so reflexively, that I wasn't even aware that I was making them.
现在，我向你们讲述这个夏令营的故事 我完全可以给你们讲出其他50种版本就像这个一样的故事-- 每当我感觉到这样的时候 它告诉我出于某种原因，我的宁静和内向的风格 并不是正确道路上的必需品 我应该更多地尝试一个外向者的角色 而在我内心深处感觉得到，这是错误的内向的人们都是非常优秀的，确实是这样 但是许多年来我都否认了这种直觉 于是我首先成为了华尔街的一名律师 而不是我长久以来想要成为的一名作家 一部分原因是因为我想要证明自己 也可以变得勇敢而坚定 并且我总是去那些拥挤的酒吧 当我只是想要和朋友们吃一顿愉快的晚餐时 我做出了这些自我否认的抉择 如条件反射一般 甚至我都不清楚我做出了这些决定
I'm a lifelong traveler. Even as a little kid, I was actually working out that it would be cheaper to go to boarding school in England than just to the best school down the road from my parents' house in California.
我这辈子都是个旅行者。 即使还是一个小孩子的时候， 我便了解，事实上， 去读英国寄宿学校会比 去加州父母家附近 最好的学校就读还来得便宜。
So, from the time I was nine years old I was flying alone several times a year over the North Pole, just to go to school. And of course the more I flew the more I came to love to fly, so the very week after I graduated from high school, I got a job mopping tables so that I could spend every season of my 18th year on a different continent.
所以，当我 9 岁时， 我在一年中，会独自飞行几回， 穿越北极，就只是去上学。 当然，飞得越频繁， 我越是爱上旅行， 所以就在我高中毕业后一周， 我找到一份清理桌子的工作， 为了让自己可以在 18 岁那年， 在地球不同的大陆上， 分别待上一季。
And then, almost inevitably, I became a travel writer so my job and my joy could become one.
接着，几乎不可避免地 我成了一个旅游作家， 使我的工作和志趣 可以结合在一块儿。
And I really began to feel that if you were lucky enough to walk around the candlelit temples of Tibet or to wander along the seafronts in Havana with music passing all around you, you could bring those sounds and the high cobalt skies and the flash of the blue ocean back to your friends at home, and really bring some magic and clarity to your own life.
我真的开始发觉 如果你可以幸运地 漫步于西藏的烛光寺庙， 或者在音乐的缭绕间 悠然信步于哈瓦那海岸， 你便能将那声音、天际 与靛蓝海洋的闪烁光芒 带给你家乡的朋友， 真确地捎来些许神奇， 点亮自身生命。
Except, as you all know, one of the first things you learn when you travel is that nowhere is magical unless you can bring the right eyes to it.
除了，如你们所知， 当旅行时，你学到的第一件事情是 你必须以正确的视角看世界， 否则大地依然黯淡无光。
You take an angry man to the Himalayas, he just starts complaining about the food. And I found that the best way that I could develop more attentive and more appreciative eyes was, oddly, by going nowhere, just by sitting still.
你带一个易怒的男人爬喜马拉雅山， 他只会抱怨那儿的食物。 我发现，有点怪异的是， 最好的让自己可以培养 更专注和更珍惜世界的视角的诀窍是 哪儿都不去，静止于原处即可。
And of course sitting still is how many of us get what we most crave and need in our accelerated lives, a break. But it was also the only way that I could find to sift through the slideshow of my experience and make sense of the future and the past.
当然呆在原地正是我们许多人 寻常所得到的东西， 我们都渴望在快速的生活中获得休息。 但那却是我唯一的方法， 让自己可以重历自身的经验幻灯， 理解未来与过去。
And so, to my great surprise, I found that going nowhere was at least as exciting as going to Tibet or to Cuba.
如此，我惊异地发现， 我发现无所去处 和游览西藏或古巴一样，令人兴奋。
And by going nowhere, I mean nothing more intimidating than taking a few minutes out of every day or a few days out of every season, or even, as some people do, a few years out of a life in order to sit still long enough to find out what moves you most, to recall where your truest happiness lies and to remember that sometimes making a living and making a life point in opposite directions.
无所去处，只不过意谓着 每天花几分钟， 或每季花几天， 甚至，如同有些人所做的， 在生命中花上几年 长久地静思于某处， 寻找感动你最多的一瞬， 回忆你最真实的幸福时刻， 同时记住， 有时候，谋生与生活 彼此是处于光谱线上的两端的。
And of course, this is what wise beings through the centuries from every tradition have been telling us.
当然，这是明智的众生历经几百年 从每个传统中所告诉我们的。
It's an old idea. More than 2,000 years ago, the Stoics were reminding us it's not our experience that makes our lives, it's what we do with it.
这是一个古老的概念。 早在两千多年前， 斯多葛学派提醒我们 并不是我们的经验 成就了我们的生命， 而是我们用那经验做了什么。
Imagine a hurricane suddenly sweeps through your town and reduces every last thing to rubble. One man is traumatized for life.
想象一下，一阵飓风 迅速扑向你的城市， 将所有一切化为废墟。 某个人身心遭受终身顿挫
But another, maybe even his brother, almost feels liberated, and decides this is a great chance to start his life anew. It's exactly the same event, but radically different responses. There is nothing either good or bad, as Shakespeare told us in "Hamlet," but thinking makes it so.
但另一个人，也许甚至是他的兄弟， 却几乎感觉释怀， 并认定，这是一个可以 使自己重获新生的重要机会。 这是同样的事件， 截然不同的回应。 没有什么是绝对的好坏， 正如莎士比亚 在《哈姆雷特》中所告诉我们的， 好坏由思维决定。
And this has certainly been my experience as a traveler. Twenty-four years ago I took the most mind-bending trip across North Korea. But the trip lasted a few days.
What I'd like to do today is talk about one of my favorite subjects, and that is the neuroscience of sleep.
Now, there is a sound -- (Alarm clock) -- aah, it worked -- a sound that is desperately, desperately familiar to most of us, and of course it's the sound of the alarm clock. And what that truly ghastly, awful sound does is stop the single most important behavioral experience that we have, and that's sleep. If you're an average sort of person, 36 percent of your life will be spent asleep, which means that if you live to 90, then 32 years will have been spent entirely asleep.
Now what that 32 years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important. And yet, for most of us, we don't give sleep a second thought. We throw it away. We really just don't think about sleep. And so what I'd like to do today is change your views, change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep. And the journey that I want to take you on, we need to start by going back in time.
"Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber." Any ideas who said that? Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Yes, let me give you a few more quotes. "O sleep, O gentle sleep, nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee?" Shakespeare again, from -- I won't say it -- the Scottish play. [Correction: Henry IV, Part 2] (Laughter) From the same time: "Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together." Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist.
But if we jump forward 400 years, the tone about sleep changes somewhat. This is from Thomas Edison, from the beginning of the 20th century. "Sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days." Bang. (Laughter) And if we also jump into the 1980s, some of you may remember that Margaret Thatcher was reported to have said, "Sleep is for wimps." And of course the infamous -- what was his name? -- the infamous Gordon Gekko from "Wall Street" said, "Money never sleeps."
What do we do in the 20th century about sleep? Well, of course, we use Thomas Edison's light bulb to invade the night, and we occupied the dark, and in the process of this occupation, we've treated sleep as an illness, almost. We've treated it as an enemy. At most now, I suppose, we tolerate the need for sleep, and at worst perhaps many of us think of sleep as an illness that needs some sort of a cure. And our ignorance about sleep is really quite profound.
Why is it? Why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts? Well, it's because you don't do anything much while you're asleep, it seems. You don't eat. You don't drink. And you don't have sex. Well, most of us anyway. And so therefore it's -- Sorry. It's a complete waste of time, right? Wrong. Actually, sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology, and neuroscientists are beginning to explain why it's so very important. So let's move to the brain.
Now, here we have a brain. This is donated by a social scientist, and they said they didn't know what it was, or indeed how to use it, so -- (Laughter) Sorry. So I borrowed it. I don't think they noticed. Okay. (Laughter)
The point I'm trying to make is that when you're asleep, this thing doesn't shut down. In fact, some areas of the brain are actually more active during the sleep state than during the wake state. The other thing that's really important about sleep is that it doesn't arise from a single structure within the brain, but is to some extent a network property, and if we flip the brain on its back -- I love this little bit of spinal cord here -- this bit here is the hypothalamus, and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures, not least the biological clock. The biological clock tells us when it's good to be up, when it's good to be asleep, and what that structure does is interact with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus, the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei. All of those combine, and they send projections down to the brain stem here. The brain stem then projects forward and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here, with neurotransmitters that keep us awake and essentially provide us with our consciousness. So sleep arises from a whole raft of different interactions within the brain, and essentially, sleep is turned on and off as a result of a range of
Okay. So where have we got to? We've said that sleep is complicated and it takes 32 years of our life. But what I haven't explained is what sleep is about. So why do we sleep? And it won't surprise any of you that, of course, the scientists, we don't have a consensus. There are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep, and I'm going to outline three of those.
The first is sort of the restoration idea, and it's somewhat intuitive. Essentially, all the stuff we've burned up during the day, we restore, we replace, we rebuild during the night. And indeed, as an explanation, it goes back to Aristotle, so that's, what, 2,300 years ago. It's gone in and out of fashion. It's fashionable at the moment because what's been shown is that within the brain, a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep, and those genes are associated with restoration and metabolic pathways. So there's good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis.
What about energy conservation? Again, perhaps intuitive. You essentially sleep to save calories. Now, when you do the sums, though, it doesn't really pan out. If you compare an individual who has slept at night, or stayed awake and hasn't moved very much, the energy saving of sleeping is about 110 calories a night. Now, that's the equivalent of a hot dog bun. Now, I would say that a hot dog bun is kind of a meager return for such a complicated and demanding behavior as sleep. So I'm less convinced by the energy conservation idea.
But the third idea I'm quite attracted to, which is brain processing and memory consolidation. What we know is that, if after you've tried to learn a task, and you sleep-deprive individuals, the ability to learn that task is smashed. It's really hugely attenuated. So sleep and memory consolidation is also very important. However, it's not just the laying down of memory and recalling it. What's turned out to be really exciting is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep. In fact, it's been estimated to give us a threefold advantage. Sleeping at night enhances our creativity. And what seems to be going on is that, in the brain, those neural connections that are important, those synaptic connections that are important, are linked and strengthened, while those that are less important tend to fade away and be less important.
Okay. So we've had three explanations for why we might sleep, and I think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary, and it's probable we sleep for multiple different reasons. But sleep is not an indulgence. It's not some sort of thing that we can take on board rather casually. I think that sleep was once likened to an upgrade from economy to business class, you know, the equiavlent of. It's not even an upgrade from economy to first class. The critical thing to realize is that if you don't sleep, you don't fly. Essentially, you never get there, and what's extraordinary about much of our society these days is that we are desperately sleep-deprived.
So let's now look at sleep deprivation. Huge sectors of society are sleep-deprived, and let's look at our sleep-o-meter. So in the 1950s, good data suggests that most of us were getting around about eight hours of sleep a night. Nowadays, we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night, so we're in the six-and-a-half-hours-every-night league. For teenagers, it's worse, much worse. They need nine hours for full brain performance, and many of them, on a school night, are only getting five hours of sleep. It's simply not enough. If we think about other sectors of society, the aged, if you are aged, then your ability to sleep in a single block is somewhat disrupted, and many sleep, again, less than five hours a night. Shift work. Shift work is extraordinary, perhaps 20 percent of the working population, and the body clock does not shift to the demands of working at night. It's locked onto the same light-dark cycle as the rest of us. So when the poor old shift worker is going home to try and sleep during the day, desperately tired, the body clock is saying, "Wake up. This is the time to be awake." So the quality of sleep that you get as a night shift worker is usually very poor, again in that sort of five-hour region. And then, of course, tens of millions of people suffer from jet lag. So who here has jet lag? Well, my goodness gracious. Well, thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep, because that's what your brain is craving.
One of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro-sleeps, this involuntary falling asleep, and you have essentially no control over it. Now, micro-sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing, but they can also be deadly. It's been estimated that 31 percent of drivers will fall asleep at the wheel at least once in their life, and in the U.S., the statistics are pretty good: 100,000 accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness, loss of vigilance, and falling asleep. A hundred thousand a year. It's extraordinary. At another level of terror, we dip into the tragic accidents at Chernobyl and indeed the space shuttle Challenger, which was so tragically lost. And in the investigations that followed those disasters, poor judgment as a result of extended shift work and loss of vigilance and tiredness was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters.
So when you're tired, and you lack sleep, you have poor memory, you have poor creativity, you have increased impulsiveness, and you have overall poor judgment. But my friends, it's so much worse than that.
(Laughter)
If you are a tired brain, the brain is craving things to wake it up. So drugs, stimulants. Caffeine represents the stimulant of choice across much of the Western world. Much of the day is fueled by caffeine, and if you're a really naughty tired brain, nicotine. And of course, you're fueling the waking state with these stimulants, and then of course it gets to 11 o'clock at night, and the brain says to itself, "Ah, well actually, I need to be asleep fairly shortly. What do we do about that when I'm feeling completely wired?" Well, of course, you then resort to alcohol. Now alcohol, short-term, you know, once or twice, to use to mildly sedate you, can be very useful. It can actually ease the sleep transition. But what you must be so aware of is that alcohol doesn't provide sleep, a biological mimic for sleep. It sedates you. So it actually harms some of the neural proccessing that's going on during memory consolidation and memory recall. So it's a short-term acute measure, but for goodness sake, don't become addicted to alcohol as a way of getting to sleep every night.
Another connection between loss of sleep is weight gain. If you sleep around about five hours or less every night, then you have a 50 percent likelihood of being obese. What's the connection here? Well, sleep loss seems to give rise to the release of the hormone ghrelin, the hunger hormone. Ghrelin is released. It gets to the brain. The brain says, "I need carbohydrates," and what it does is seek out carbohydrates and particularly sugars. So there's a link between tiredness and the metabolic predisposition for weight gain.
Stress. Tired people are massively stressed. And one of the things of stress, of course, is loss of memory, which is what I sort of just then had a little lapse of. But stress is so much more. So if you're acutely stressed, not a great problem, but it's sustained stress associated with sleep loss that's the problem. So sustained stress leads to suppressed immunity, and so tired people tend to have higher rates of overall infection, and there's some very good studies showing that shift workers, for example, have higher rates of cancer. Increased levels of stress throw glucose into the circulation. Glucose becomes a dominant part of the vasculature and essentially you become glucose intolerant. Therefore, diabetes 2. Stress increases cardiovascular disease as a result of raising blood pressure. So there's a whole raft of things associated with sleep loss that are more than just a mildly impaired brain, which is where I think most people think that sleep loss resides.
So at this point in the talk, this is a nice time to think, well, do you think on the whole I'm getting enough sleep? So a quick show of hands. Who feels that they're getting enough sleep here? Oh. Well, that's pretty impressive. Good. We'll talk more about that later, about what are your tips.
So most of us, of course, ask the question, "Well, how do I know whether I'm getting enough sleep?" Well, it's not rocket science. If you need an alarm clock to get you out of bed in the morning, if you are taking a long time to get up, if you need lots of stimulants, if you're grumpy, if you're irritable, if you're told by your work colleagues that you're looking tired and irritable, chances are you are sleep-deprived. Listen to them. Listen to yourself.
What do you do? Well -- and this is slightly offensive -- sleep for dummies: Make your bedroom a haven for sleep. The first critical thing is make it as dark as you possibly can, and also make it slightly cool. Very important. Actually, reduce your amount of light exposure at least half an hour before you go to bed. Light increases levels of alertness and will delay sleep. What's the last thing that most of us do before we go to bed? We stand in a massively lit bathroom looking into the mirror cleaning our teeth. It's the worst thing we can possibly do before we went to sleep. Turn off those mobile phones. Turn off those computers. Turn off all of those things that are also going to excite the brain. Try not to drink caffeine too late in the day, ideally not after lunch. Now, we've set about reducing light exposure before you go to bed, but light exposure in the morning is very good at setting the biological clock to the light-dark cycle. So seek out morning light. Basically, listen to yourself. Wind down. Do those sorts of things that you know are going to ease you off into the honey-heavy dew of slumber.
Okay. That's some facts. What about some myths?
Teenagers are lazy. No. Poor things. They have a biological predisposition to go to bed late and get up late, so give them a break.
We need eight hours of sleep a night. That's an average. Some people need more. Some people need less. And what you need to do is listen to your body. Do you need that much or do you need more? Simple as that.
Old people need less sleep. Not true. The sleep demands of the aged do not go down. Essentially, sleep fragments and becomes less robust, but sleep requirements do not go down.
And the fourth myth is, early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. Well that's wrong at so many different levels. (Laughter) There is no, no evidence that getting up early and going to bed early gives you more wealth at all. There's no difference in socioeconomic status. In my experience, the only difference between morning people and evening people is that those people that get up in the morning early are just horribly smug.
(Laughter) (Applause)
Okay. So for the last part, the last few minutes, what I want to do is change gears and talk about some really new, breaking areas of neuroscience, which is the association between mental health, mental illness and sleep disruption. We've known for 130 years that in severe mental illness, there is always, always sleep disruption, but it's been largely ignored. In the 1970s, when people started to think about this again, they said, "Yes, well, of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia because they're on anti-psychotics. It's the anti-psychotics causing the sleep problems," ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously, sleep disruption had been reported before anti-psychotics.
So what's going on? Lots of groups, several groups are studying conditions like depression, schizophrenia and bipolar, and what's going on in terms of sleep disruption. We have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia, and the data were quite extraordinary. In those individuals with schizophrenia, much of the time, they were awake during the night phase and then they were asleep during the day. Other groups showed no 24-hour patterns whatsoever. Their sleep was absolutely smashed. And some had no ability to regulate their sleep by the light-dark cycle. They were getting up later and later and later and later each night. It was smashed.
So what's going on? And the really exciting news is that mental illness and sleep are not simply associated but they are physically linked within the brain. The neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep, give you normal sleep, and those that give you normal mental health are overlapping. And what's the evidence for that? Well, genes that have been shown to be very important in the generation of normal sleep, when mutated, when changed, also predispose individuals to mental health problems. And last year, we published a study which showed that a gene that's been linked to schizophrenia, which, when mutated, also smashes the sleep. So we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap between these two important systems.
Other work flowed from these studies. The first was that sleep disruption actually precedes certain types of mental illness, and we've shown that in those young individuals who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder, they already have a sleep abnormality prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar. The other bit of data was that sleep disruption may actually exacerbate, make worse the mental illness state. My colleague Dan Freeman has used a range of agents which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia in those individuals by 50 percent.
So what have we got? We've got, in these connections, some really exciting things. In terms of the neuroscience, by understanding the neuroscience of these two systems, we're really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness are generated and regulated within the brain. The second area is that if we can use sleep and sleep disruption as an early warning signal, then we have the chance of going in. If we know that these individuals are vulnerable, early intervention then becomes possible. And the third, which I think is the most exciting, is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain as a new therapeutic target. Stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable, we can certainly make them healthier, but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness.
So let me just finish. What I started by saying is take sleep seriously. Our attitudes toward sleep are so very different from a pre-industrial age, when we were almost wrapped in a duvet. We used to understand intuitively the importance of sleep. And this isn't some sort of crystal-waving nonsense. This is a pragmatic response to good health. If you have good sleep, it increases your concentration, attention, decision-making, creativity, social skills, health. If you get sleep, it reduces your mood changes, your stress, your levels of anger, your impulsivity, and your tendency to drink and take drugs. And we finished by saying that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep is really informing the way we think about some of the causes of mental illness, and indeed is providing us new ways to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions.
Jim Butcher, the fantasy writer, said, "Sleep is God. Go worship." And I can only recommend that you do the same.
Thank you for your attention.
(Applause)
Look, I had second thoughts, really, about whether I could talk about this to such a vital and alive audience as you guys. Then I remembered the quote from Gloria Steinem, which goes, "The truth will set you free, but first it will piss you off." (Laughter) So -- (Laughter)
So with that in mind, I'm going to set about trying to do those things here, and talk about dying in the 21st century. Now the first thing that will piss you off, undoubtedly, is that all of us are, in fact, going to die in the 21st century. There will be no exceptions to that. There are, apparently, about one in eight of you who think you're immortal, on surveys, but -- (Laughter) Unfortunately, that isn't going to happen.
While I give this talk, in the next 10 minutes, a hundred million of my cells will die, and over the course of today, 2,000 of my brain cells will die and never come back, so you could argue that the dying process starts pretty early in the piece.
Anyway, the second thing I want to say about dying in the 21st century, apart from it's going to happen to everybody, is it's shaping up to be a bit of a train wreck for most of us, unless we do something to try and reclaim this process from the rather inexorable trajectory that it's currently on.
So there you go. That's the truth. No doubt that will piss you off, and now let's see whether we can set you free. I don't promise anything. Now, as you heard in the intro, I work in intensive care, and I think I've kind of lived through the heyday of intensive care. It's been a ride, man. This has been fantastic. We have machines that go ping. There's many of them up there. And we have some wizard technology which I think has worked really well, and over the course of the time I've worked in intensive care, the death rate for males in Australia has halved, and intensive care has had something to do with that. Certainly, a lot of the technologies that we use have got something to do with that.
So we have had tremendous success, and we kind of got caught up in our own success quite a bit, and we started using expressions like "lifesaving." I really apologize to everybody for doing that, because obviously, we don't. What we do is prolong people's lives, and delay death, and redirect death, but we can't, strictly speaking, save lives on any sort of permanent basis.
And what's really happened over the period of time that I've been working in intensive care is that the people whose lives we started saving back in the '70s, '80s, and '90s, are now coming to die in the 21st century of diseases that we no longer have the answers to in quite the way we did then.
So what's happening now is there's been a big shift in the way that people die, and most of what they're dying of now isn't as amenable to what we can do as what it used to be like when I was doing this in the '80s and '90s.
So we kind of got a bit caught up with this, and we haven't really squared with you guys about what's really happening now, and it's about time we did. I kind of woke up to this bit in the late '90s when I met this guy. This guy is called Jim, Jim Smith, and he looked like this. I was called down to the ward to see him. His is the little hand. I was called down to the ward to see him by a respiratory physician. He said, "Look, there's a guy down here. He's got pneumonia, and he looks like he needs intensive care. His daughter's here and she wants everything possible to be done." Which is a familiar phrase to us. So I go down to the ward and see Jim, and his skin his translucent like this. You can see his bones through the skin. He's very, very thin, and he is, indeed, very sick with pneumonia, and he's too sick to talk to me, so I talk to his daughter Kathleen, and I say to her, "Did you and Jim ever talk about what you would want done if he ended up in this kind of situation?" And she looked at me and said,
"No, of course not!" I thought, "Okay. Take this steady." And I got talking to her, and after a while, she said to me, "You know, we always thought there'd be time."
Jim was 94. (Laughter) And I realized that something wasn't happening here. There wasn't this dialogue going on that I imagined was happening. So a group of us started doing survey work, and we looked at four and a half thousand nursing home residents in Newcastle, in the Newcastle area, and discovered that only one in a hundred of them had a plan about what to do when their hearts stopped beating. One in a hundred. And only one in 500 of them had plan about what to do if they became seriously ill. And I realized, of course, this dialogue is definitely not occurring in the public at large.
We live in the world every day. We eat food, drink water, wear clothes, watch TV, use computers and so on. We are producing waste every moment.
Generally speaking, there are four sorts of waste. They are material waste, organic waste, inorganic waste and poisonous & harmful waste. Now, we are going to talk about each sort of waste one by one.
Material waste: it means the waste of substance or things from which something else can be made. For example, people throw away the used metal products and buy a new one, so the old metal waste accumulates. At last, they become waste. For example, when people finish reading newspaper, the paper will become waste. When the glass is broken, it also becomes waste. Nobody wants to use a broken window or drink with a broken glass or wear a pair of broken glasses. Once it is broken, it becomes waste. The rate of using plastics is increasing day by day. People use plastic bags because they are convenient. When they get home, they throw the plastics way, paying no attention to the environment. The more convenience plastics brings to us, the more plastic waste is produced. This is called “white pollution” as most plastics are white. Some of our products we use every day are made of rubber, just like the tyres and the bottom part of our shoes. It’s true that rubber plays an important role in our life. However, it also brings us some trouble when it has been used for a long time and becomes old. The old tyres become waste because it can’t break down by nature. This is really a big problem.
Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think? Maybe even part of who you are as a person? Well I’ve had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning? Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school. And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn’t have to go to school at all.
Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster? And this began when I was very, very young, when I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you’re sleeping, and you’re supposed to be learning from this.
A good idea, unfortunately it doesn’t work. But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas and we’ve had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question. I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point. In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.
Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it. And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process. What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native. But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively?
Now this a really, really important question in today’s world. We have massive challenges with environment we have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can’t communicate we’re really going to have difficulty solving these problems. So we need to be able to speak each other’s languages, this is really, really important.
The question then is how do you do that. Well, it’s actually really easy. You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it’s already working and then you identify the principles and apply them. It’s called modelling and I’ve been looking at language learning and modelling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.
And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months. Now when I say this, most people think I’m crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it’s all about expanding our limits.
In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it’s got shorter and shorter. 100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn’t fly. Except it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly? We reorganise the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case. And today we’ve gone ever further, so you can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars. We now have cars in the world that can fly. And there’s a different way to fly that we’ve learned from squirrels. So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.
No, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn’t say everybody but a lot of people think they can’t draw. However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can 2 actually learn to draw in five days. So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this. Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do. And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,’ so that’s how I look like when I’m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding. So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.
The power of yet.
专注过程，而不是结果。
I heard about a highschool in Chicago where students had to pass a certain number of courses tograduate, and if they didn't pass a course, they got the grade "NotYet." And I thought that was fantastic, because if you get a failinggrade, you think, I'm nothing, I'm nowhere. But if you get the grade "NotYet" you understand that you're on a learning curve. It gives you a pathinto the future.
我听说，在芝加哥有一所高中，那儿的学生毕业前要通过一系列课程，如果某一门课没有通过，成绩就是「暂未通过」。我想，这真是个绝妙的做法，因为，如果你某门课的成绩不及格，你会想，我什么都不是，我什么都没有学到。但如果你的成绩是「暂未通过」，你会明白，学习的步伐并没有停下，你还需逐步向前，争取未来。
"Not Yet"also gave me insight into a critical event early in my career, a real turningpoint. I wanted to see how children coped with challenge and difficulty, so Igave 10-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. Some of them reactedin a shockingly positive way. They said things like, "I love achallenge," or, "You know, I was hoping this would beinformative."
「暂未通过」也让我联想起一件尤为重要的、发生在我职业生涯初期的事情，这件事对我而言是一个转折点。当时，我想探究孩子是如何应对挑战和困难的，因此，我让一些10岁大的孩子尝试解决一些对于他们而言稍稍偏难的问题。一些孩子积极应对的方式让我感到震惊。他们会这样说，「我喜欢挑战，」或说，「你知道的，我希望能有所获。」
They understood that their abilities could be developed.They had what I call a growth mindset. But other students felt it was tragic,catastrophic. From their more fixed mindset perspective, their intelligence hadbeen up for judgment and they failed. Instead of luxuriating in the power ofyet, they were gripped in the tyranny of now.
这些孩子明白，他们的能力是可以提升的。他们有我所说的成长型思维模式。但另一些孩子觉得面对这些难题是不幸，宛如面对一场灾难。从他们的固定型思维角度来看，他们的才智受到了评判，而他们失败了。他们不懂得享受学习的过程，而只盯住眼前的成与败。
So what do they donext? I'll tell you what they do next. In one study, they told us they wouldprobably cheat the next time instead of studying more if they failed a test. Inanother study, after a failure, they looked for someone who did worse than theydid so they could feel really good about themselves. And in study after study,they have run from difficulty.
这些孩子们后面表现如何?让我告诉你他们的表现。在一项研究中，他们告诉我们，如果他们某次考试未通过，他们很可能会在下次考试中作弊，而不是更加努力地学习。在另一项研究中，他们挂了一门后，他们会找到那些考得还不如他们高的孩子，以寻求自我安慰。后续的研究陆续表明，他们会逃避困难。
Scientists measured the electrical activity fromthe brain as students confronted an error. On the left, you see the fixedmindset students. There's hardly any activity. They run from the error. Theydon't engage with it. But on the right, you have the students with the growthmindset, the idea that abilities can be developed. They engage deeply. Theirbrain is on fire with yet. They engage deeply. They process the error. Theylearn from it and they correct it.
科学家们监测了学生们面对错误时的脑电活动图像。在左侧，是固定型思维模式的学生，几乎没有什么活动。他们在错误面前选择了逃避。他们没有积极地投入。但请看右侧，这是成长型思维模式的学生，这些学生相信能力会通过锻炼得以提升。他们积极地应对错误。他们的大脑在高速运转，他们积极地投入，他们剖析错误，从中学习，最终订正。
How are we raising ourchildren? Are we raising them for now instead of yet? Are we raising kids whoare obsessed with getting A's? Are we raising kids who don't know how to dreambig dreams? Their biggest goal is getting the next A or the next test score?
如今我们是如何教育孩子的呢?是教育他们专注眼前，而不是注重过程吗?我们培育了一些迷恋刷A的孩子们吗?我们培育了没有远大理想的孩子们吗?他们最远大的目标就是再拿一个A，心里所想的就是下一次考试吗?
And are they carrying this need for constant validation with them into theirfuture lives? Maybe, because employers are coming to me and saying, we havealready raised a generation of young workers who can't get through the daywithout an award.
他们在今后的生活中，都以分数的高低来评判自己吗?或许是的，因为企业雇主们跑来找我，说我们养育的这新一代走上工作岗位的人，如果不给他们奖励，他们一天都过不下去。
So what can we do? Howcan we build that bridge to yet?
我们该怎么做呢?如何让孩子注重过程而不是结果呢?
Here are some things wecan do. First of all, we can praise wisely, not praising intelligence ortalent. That has failed. Don't do that anymore. But praising the process thatkids engage in: their effort, their strategies, their focus, theirperseverance, their improvement. This process praise creates kids who are hardyand resilient.
我们可以做这样几件事。首先，我们可以有技巧地去表扬：不去表扬天分或才智，这行不通。不要再这样做了。而是要对孩子积极投入的过程进行表扬：他们的努力与策略，他们的专注、坚持与进步。对过程的表扬，会塑造孩子的韧性。
There are other ways toreward yet. We recently teamed up with game scientists from the University ofWashington to create a new online math game that rewarded yet. In this game,students were rewarded for effort, strategy and progress. The usual math gamerewards you for getting answers right right now, but this game rewardedprocess. And we got more effort, more strategies, more engagement over longerperiods of time, and more perseverance when they hit really, really hardproblems.
还有其他的办法来奖励过程。最近，我们与来自华盛顿大学的游戏研究者合作，制作了一款奖励过程的数学游戏。在这个游戏中，学生们因他们的努力、策略与进步而受到奖励。通常的数学游戏中，玩家只有在解得正确答案后才能得到奖励，但这个游戏奖励过程。随着游戏的深入，孩子们更加努力，想出更多的策略，身心更加投入，当遇到尤为困难的问题时，他们也展现了更为持久的韧劲。
Just the words"yet" or "not yet," we're finding, give kids greaterconfidence, give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.And we can actually change students' mindsets. In one study, we taught themthat every time they push out of their comfort zone to learn something new anddifficult, the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections, andover time they can get smarter.
我们发现，注重过程的思维模式，会赋予孩子们更多自信，指引他们不断向前，越发坚持不懈。事实上，我们能够改变学生的思维模式。在一项研究中，我们告诉学生们，每当他们迫使自己走出舒适区，学习新知识，迎接新挑战，大脑中的神经元会形成新的、更强的连接，他们会逐渐变得越来越聪明。
Look what happened: inthis study, students who were not taught this growth mindset continued to showdeclining grades over this difficult school transition, but those who weretaught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades. We have shown thisnow, this kind of improvement, with thousands and thousands of kids, especiallystruggling students.
看看后面发生了什么吧：在这项研究中，没有接受成长型思维模式训练的学生，在这一困难的过渡阶段，成绩持续下滑，但那些受过该训练的学生，成绩强势反弹，卓有起色。如今，我们已证实这一结论，通过成千上万个孩子的实例，尤其是那些在学业上挣扎的孩子。
So let's talk aboutequality. In our country, there are groups of students who chronically underperform,for example, children in inner cities, or children on Native Americanreservations. And they've done so poorly for so long that many people thinkit's inevitable. But when educators create growth mindset classrooms steeped inyet, equality happens.
那我们就来谈谈教育平等吧。在我们国家，有些特定区域的孩子总是在学业上处于下游，比如，内城区的孩子，或印第安人居留地里的孩子。长期以来这里的孩子都没什么起色， 以致于很多人认为没的救了。但是当教育家们将孩子的思维转变为成长型思维模式时，教育平等实现了。
And here are just a few examples. In one year, akindergarten class in Harlem, New York scored in the 95th percentile on theNational Achievement Test. Many of those kids could not hold a pencil when theyarrived at school. In one year, fourth grade students in the South Bronx, waybehind, became the number one fourth grade class in the state of New York onthe state math test. In a year to a year and a half, Native American studentsin a school on a reservation went from the bottom of their district to the top,and that district included affluent sections of Seattle. So the native kidsoutdid the Microsoft kids.
举几个例子吧。纽约哈莱姆区的一所幼儿园的学生在一年的时间内，国家水平测试(NationalAchievement Test) 成绩飞跃到前百分之五。这些孩子中有很多在入学时甚至还不会握笔。一年之内，远远落后的南布朗克斯区的四年级学生，其标准数学测试成绩攀升到纽约州所有四年级学生的第一名。在一年到一年半的时间内， 某印第安人居留地的一所学校里的学生成绩从全区垫底到名列前茅，而这个区包括了西雅图市的富饶地段。印第安孩子战胜了「微软」孩子。
This happened becausethe meaning of effort and difficulty were transformed. Before, effort anddifficulty made them feel dumb, made them feel like giving up, but now, effortand difficulty, that's when their neurons are making new connections, strongerconnections. That's when they're getting smarter.
这得以实现的原因，是努力与困难的意义在孩子心目中发生了改变。在此之前，努力与困难让他们感觉自己很笨，让他们想放弃，但如今，正是努力与困难让他们大脑中的神经元得以形成新的连接，更强的连接。正是在这个过程中，他们变得越来越聪明。
I received a letterrecently from a 13-year-old boy. He said, "Dear Professor Dweck, Iappreciate that your writing is based on solid scientific research, and that'swhy I decided to put it into practice. I put more effort into my schoolwork,into my relationship with my family, and into my relationship with kids atschool, and I experienced great improvement in all of those areas. I nowrealize I've wasted most of my life."
最近，我收到一个13岁男孩的来信。他说，「亲爱的德韦克教授，我欣赏你的著作，因为它们都基于可靠的科学试验，因此，我决定将你的方法付诸实践。我更用功地学习，更用心地处好与家人的关系，与同学的关系，而在这些方面我都有了长足的进步。现在我才意识到，过去浪费了太多生命。」
Let's not waste anymore lives, because once we know that abilities are capable of such growth, itbecomes a basic human right for children, all children, to live in places thatcreate that growth, to live in places filled with yet.
让我们不再浪费生命， 因为，既然我们知道 能力可以增长，那么，生活在一个能激发进步并让这一切变得可能的地方就是每个孩子的权利。
Thank you.(Applause)
谢谢。(掌声)
do you think it's possible to control someone's attention? even more than that, what about predicting human behavior? i think those are interesting ideas, if you could. i mean, for me, that would be the perfect superpower, actually kind of an evil way of approaching it. but for myself, in the past, i've spent the last 20 years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way: picking pockets. when we think of misdirection, we think of something as looking off to the side, when actually it's often the things that are right in front of us that are the hardest things to see, the things that you look at every day that you're blinded to.
for example, how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now? great. double-check. make sure you still have them on you. i was doing some shopping beforehand. now you've looked at them probably a few times today, but i'm going to ask you a question about them. without looking at your cell phone directly yet, can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner? bring them out, check, and see how accurate you were. how'd you do? show of hands. did we get it?
now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common. no matter how you organize the icons, you still have a clock on the front. so, without looking at your phone, what time was it? you just looked at your clock, right? it's an interesting idea. now, i'll ask you to take that a step further with a game of trust. close your eyes. i realize i'm asking you to do that while you just heard there's a pickpocket in the room, but close your eyes.
now, you've been watching me for about 30 seconds. with your eyes closed, what am i wearing? make your best guess. what color is my shirt? what color is my tie? now open your eyes. by a show of hands, were you right?
it's interesting, isn't it? some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others. it seems that way. but i have a different theory about that, that model of attention. they have fancy models of attention, posner's trinity model of attention. for me, i like to think of it very simple, like a surveillance system. it's kind of like you have all these fancy sensors, and inside your brain is a little security guard. for me, i like to call him frank. so frank is sitting at a desk. he's got all sorts of cool information in front of him, high-tech equipment, he's got cameras, he's got a little phone that he can pick up, listen to the ears, all these senses, all these perceptions. but attention is what steers your perceptions, is what controls your reality. it's the gateway to the mind. if you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it. but ironically, you can attend to something without being aware of it. that's why there's the cocktail effect: when you're in a party, you're having conversations with someone, and yet you can recognize your name and you didn't even realize you were listening to that.
now, for my job, i have to play with techniques to exploit this, to play with your attention as a limited resource. so if i could control how you spend your attention, if i could maybe steal your attention through a distraction. now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what i choose to focus on is frank, to be able to play with the frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. so if i ask you to access a memory, like, what is that? what just happened? do you have a wallet? do you have an american express in your wallet? and when i do that, your frank turns around. he accesses the file. he has to rewind the tape. and what's interesting is, he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data.
now, i mean, this sounds like a good theory, but i could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things, and they may be true, a portion of them, but i think it's better if i tried to show that to you here live. so if i come down, i'm going to do a little bit of shopping. just hold still where you are.
hello, how are you? it's lovely to see you. you did a wonderful job onstage. you have a lovely watch that doesn't come off very well. do you have your ring as well? good. just taking inventory. you're like a buffet. it's hard to tell where to start, there's so many great things.
hi, how are you? good to see you.
hi, sir, could you stand up for me, please? just right where you are. oh, you're married. you follow directions well. that's nice to meet you, sir. you don't have a whole lot inside your pockets. anything down by the pocket over here? hopefully so. have a seat. there you go. you're doing well.
hi, sir, how are you? good to see you, sir. you have a ring, a watch. do you have a wallet on you? joe: i don't. apollo robbins: well, we'll find one for you. come on up this way, joe. give joe a round of applause. come on up joe. let's play a game.
(applause)
pardon me.
i don't think i need this clicker anymore. you can have that. thank you very much. i appreciate that.
come on up to the stage, joe. let's play a little game now. do you have anything in your front pockets? joe: money. ar: money. all right, let's try that. can you stand right over this way for me? turn around and, let's see, if i give you something that belongs to me, this is just something i have, a poker chip. hold out your hand for me. watch it kind of closely. now this is a task for you to focus on. now you have your money in your front pocket here? joe: yup. ar: good. i'm not going to actually put my hand in your pocket. i'm not ready for that kind of commitment. one time a guy had a hole in his pocket, and that was rather traumatizing for me. i was looking for his wallet and he gave me his phone number. it was a big miscommunication.
so let's do this simply. squeeze your hand. squeeze it tight. do you feel the poker chip in your hand? joe: i do. ar: would you be surprised if i could take it out of your hand? say yes. joe: very. ar: good. open your hand. thank you very much. i'll cheat if you give me a chance. make it harder for me. just use your hand. grab my wrist, but squeeze, squeeze firm. did you see it go? joe: no. ar: no, it's not here. open your hand. see, while we're focused on the hand, it's sitting on your shoulder right now. go ahead and take it off. now, let's try that again. hold your hand out flat. open it up all the way. put your hand up a little bit higher, but watch it close there, joe. see, if i did it slowly, it'd be back on your shoulder. (laughter) joe, we're going to keep doing this till you catch it. you're going to get it eventually. i have faith in you. squeeze firm. you're human, you're not slow. it's back on your shoulder. you were focused on your hand. that's why you were distracted. while you were watching this, i couldn't quite get your watch off. it was difficult. yet you had something inside your front pocket. do you remember what it was? joe: money. ar: check your pocket. see if it's still there. is it still there? (laughter) oh, that's where it was. go ahead and put it away. we're just shopping. this trick's more about the timing, really. i'm going to try to push it inside your hand. put your other hand on top for me, would you? it's amazingly obvious now, isn't it? it looks a lot like the watch i was wearing, doesn't it?
(laughter) (applause)
joe: that's pretty good. that's pretty good. ar: oh, thanks. but it's only a start. let's try it again, a little bit differently. hold your hands together. put your other hand on top. now if you're watching this little token, this obviously has become a little target. it's like a red herring. if we watch this kind of close, it looks like it goes away. it's not back on your shoulder. it falls out of the air, lands right back in the hand. did you see it go? yeah, it's funny. we've got a little guy. he's union. he works up there all day. if i did it slowly, if it goes straightaway, it lands down by your pocket. i believe is it in this pocket, sir? no, don't reach in your pocket. that's a different show. so -- (squeaking noise) -- that's rather strange. they have shots for that. can i show them what that is? that's rather bizarre. is this yours, sir? i have no idea how that works. we'll just send that over there.
that's great. i need help with this one. step over this way for me. now don't run away. you had something down by your pants pocket. i was checking mine. i couldn't find everything, but i noticed you had something here. can i feel the outside of your pocket for a moment? down here i noticed this. is this something of yours, sir? is this? i have no idea. that's a shrimp.
joe: yeah. i'm saving it for later.
ar: you've entertained all of these people in a wonderful way, better than you know. so we'd love to give you this lovely watch as a gift. (laughter) hopefully it matches his taste. but also, we have a couple of other things, a little bit of cash, and then we have a few other things. these all belong to you, along with a big round of applause from all your friends. (applause)
oe, thank you very much.
(applause)
so, same question i asked you before, but this time you don't have to close your eyes. what am i wearing?
(laughter)
(applause)
attention is a powerful thing. like i said, it shapes your reality. so, i guess i'd like to pose that question to you. if you could control somebody's attention, what would you do with it?
thank you.
This is Tim Ferriss circa 1979 A.D. Age two. You can tell by the power squat, I was a very confident boy -- and not without reason. I had a very charming routine at the time, which was to wait until late in the evening when my parents were decompressing from a hard day's work, doing their crossword puzzles, watching television. I would run into the living room, jump up on the couch, rip the cushions off, throw them on the floor, scream at the top of my lungs and run out because I was the Incredible Hulk. (Laughter) Obviously, you see the resemblance. And this routine went on for some time.
When I was seven I went to summer camp. My parents found it necessary for peace of mind. And at noon each day the campers would go to a pond, where they had floating docks. You could jump off the end into the deep end. I was born premature. I was always very small. My left lung had collapsed when I was born. And I've always had buoyancy problems. So water was something that scared me to begin with. But I would go in on occasion. And on one particular day, the campers were jumping through inner tubes, They were diving through inner tubes. And I thought this would be great fun. So I dove through the inner tube, and the bully of the camp grabbed my ankles. And I tried to come up for air, and my lower back hit the bottom of the inner tube. And I went wild eyed and thought I was going to die. A camp counselor fortunately came over and separated us. From that point onward I was terrified of swimming. That is something that I did not get over. My inability to swim has been one of my greatest humiliations and embarrassments. That is when I realized that I was not the Incredible Hulk.
But there is a happy ending to this story. At age 31 -- that's my age now -- in August I took two weeks to re-examine swimming, and question all the of the obvious aspects of swimming. And went from swimming one lap -- so 20 yards -- like a drowning monkey, at about 200 beats per minute heart rate -- I measured it -- to going to Montauk on Long Island, close to where I grew up, and jumping into the ocean and swimming one kilometer in open water, getting out and feeling better than when I went in. And I came out, in my Speedos, European style, feeling like the Incredible Hulk.
And that's what I want everyone in here to feel like, the Incredible Hulk, at the end of this presentation. More specifically, I want you to feel like you're capable of becoming an excellent long-distance swimmer, a world-class language learner, and a tango champion. And I would like to share my art. If I have an art, it's deconstructing things that really scare the living hell out of me. So, moving onward.
Swimming, first principles. First principles, this is very important. I find that the best results in life are often held back by false constructs and untested assumptions. And the turnaround in swimming came when a friend of mine said, "I will go a year without any stimulants" -- this is a six-double-espresso-per-day type of guy -- "if you can complete a one kilometer open water race." So the clock started ticking. I started seeking out triathletes because I found that lifelong swimmers often couldn't teach what they did. I tried kickboards. My feet would slice through the water like razors, I wouldn't even move. I would leave demoralized, staring at my feet. Hand paddles, everything. Even did lessons with Olympians -- nothing helped. And then Chris Sacca, who is now a dear friend mine, had completed an Iron Man with 103 degree temperature, said, "I have the answer to your prayers." And he introduced me to the work of a man named Terry Laughlin who is the founder of Total Immersion Swimming. That set me on the road to examining biomechanics.
So here are the new rules of swimming, if any of you are afraid of swimming, or not good at it. The first is, forget about kicking. Very counterintuitive. So it turns out that propulsion isn't really the problem. Kicking harder doesn't solve the problem because the average swimmer only transfers about three percent of their energy expenditure into forward motion. The problem is hydrodynamics. So what you want to focus on instead is allowing your lower body to draft behind your upper body, much like a small car behind a big car on the highway. And you do that by maintaining a horizontal body position. The only way you can do that is to not swim on top of the water. The body is denser than water. 95 percent of it would be, at least, submerged naturally.
So you end up, number three, not swimming, in the case of freestyle, on your stomach, as many people think, reaching on top of the water. But actually rotating from streamlined right to streamlined left, maintaining that fuselage position as long as possible. So let's look at some examples. This is Terry. And you can see that he's extending his right arm below his head and far in front. And so his entire body really is underwater. The arm is extended below the head. The head is held in line with the spine, so that you use strategic water pressure to raise your legs up -- very important, especially for people with lower body fat. Here is an example of the stroke. So you don't kick. But you do use a small flick. You can see this is the left extension. Then you see his left leg. Small flick, and the only purpose of that is to rotate his hips so he can get to the opposite side. And the entry point for his right hand -- notice this, he's not reaching in front and catching the water. Rather, he is entering the water at a 45-degree angle with his forearm, and then propelling himself by streamlining -- very important. Incorrect, above, which is what almost every swimming coach will teach you. Not their fault, honestly. And I'll get to implicit versus explicit in a moment. Below is what most swimmers will find enables them to do what I did, which is going from 21 strokes per 20-yard length to 11 strokes in two workouts with no coach, no video monitoring. And now I love swimming. I can't wait to go swimming. I'll be doing a swimming lesson later, for myself, if anyone wants to join me.
When you are a kid, you get asked this one particular question a lot, it really gets kind of annoying. What do you want to be when you grow up? Now, adults are hoping for answers like, I want to be an astronaut or I want to be a neurosurgeon, you’re adults in your imaginations.
Kids, they’re most likely to answer with pro-skateboarder, surfer or minecraft player. I asked my little brother, and he said, seriously dude, I’m 10, I have no idea, probably a pro-skier, let’s go get some ice cream.
See, us kids are going to answer something we’re stoked on, what we think is cool, what we have experience with, and that’s typically the opposite of what adults want to hear.
But if you ask a little kid, sometimes you’ll get the best answer, something so simple, so obvious and really profound. When I grow up, I want to be happy.
For me, when I grow up, I want to continue to be happy like I am now. I’m stoked to be here at TedEx, I mean, I’ve been watching Ted videos for as long as I can remember, but I never thought I’d make it on the stage here so soon. I mean, I just became a teenager, and like most teenage boys, I spend most of my time wondering, how did my room get so messy all on its own.
Did I take a shower today? And the most perplexing of all, how do I get girls to like me? Neurosciences say that the teenage brain is pretty weird, our prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, but we actually have more neurons than adults, which is why we can be so creative, and impulsive and moody and get bummed out.
But what bums me out is to know that, a lot of kids today are just wishing to be happy, to be healthy, to be safe, not bullied, and be loved for who they are. So it seems to me when adults say, what do you want to be when you grow up? They just assume that you’ll automatically be happy and healthy.
Well, maybe that’s not the case, go to school, go to college, get a job, get married, boom, then you’ll be happy, right? You don’t seem to make learning how to be happy and healthy a priority in our schools, it’s separate from schools. And for some kids, it doesn’t exists at all? But what if we didn’t make it separate? What if we based education on the study and practice of being happy and healthy, because that’s what it is, a practice, and a simple practice at that?
Education is important, but why is being happy and healthy not considered education, I just don’t get it. So I’ve been studying the science of being happy and healthy. It really comes down to practicing these eight things. Exercise, diet and nutrition, time in nature, contribution, service to others, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, and religious or spiritual involvement, yes, got that one.
So these eight things come from Dr. Roger Walsh, he calls them Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes or TLCs for short. He is a scientist that studies how to be happy and healthy. In researching this talk, I got a chance to ask him a few questions like; do you think that our schools today are making these eight TLCs a priority? His response was no surprise, it was essentially no. But he did say that many people do try to get this kind of education outside of the traditional arena, through reading and practices such as meditation or yoga.
But what I thought was his best response was that, much of education is oriented for better or worse towards making a living rather than making a life.
In 20__, Sir Ken Robinson gave the most popular Ted talk of all time. Schools kill creativity. His message is that creativity is as important as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
A lot of parents watched those videos, some of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized I’m part of this small, but growing revolution of kids who are going about their education differently, and you know what? It freaks a lot of people out.
Even though I was only nine, when my parents pulled me out of the school system, I can still remember my mom being in tears when some of her friends told her she was crazy and it was a stupid idea.
Looking back, I’m thankful she didn’t cave to peer pressure, and I think she is too. So, out of the 200 million people that have watched Sir Ken Robinson’s talk, why aren’t there more kids like me out there?
Shane McConkey is my hero. I loved him because he was the world’s best skier. But then, one day I realized what I really loved about Shane, he was a hacker. Not a computer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing what it is today, and why I love to ski. A lot of people think of hackers as geeky computer nerds who live in their parent’s basement and spread computer viruses, but I don’t see it that way.
Hackers are innovators, hackers are people who challenge and change the systems to make them work differently, to make them work better, it’s just how they think, it’s a mindset.
I’m growing up in a world that needs more people with the hacker mindset, and not just for technology, everything is up for being hacked, even skiing, even education. So whether it’s Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg or Shane McConkey having the hacker mindset can change the world.
Healthy, happy, creativity in the hacker mindset are all a large part of my education. I call it Hackschooling, I don’t use any one particular curriculum, and I’m not dedicated to any one particular approach, I hack my education.
I take advantage of opportunities in my community, and through a network of my friends and family. I take advantage of opportunities to experience what I’m learning, and I’m not afraid to look for shortcuts or hacks to get a better faster result. It’s like a remix or a mash-up of learning. It’s flexible, opportunistic, and it never loses sight of making happy, healthy and creativity a priority.
And here is the cool part, because it’s a mindset, not a system. Hackschooling can be used anyone, even traditional schools. Soo what does my school look like? Well, it looks like Starbucks a lot of the time, but like most kids I study lot of math, science, history and writing. I didn’t used to like to write because my teachers made me write about butterflies and rainbows, and I wanted to write about skiing.
It was a relief for my good friend’s mom, started the Squaw Valley Kids Institute, where I got to write through my experiences and my interests, while, connecting with great speakers from around the nation, and that sparked my love of writing.
I realized that once you’re motivated to learn something, you can get a lot done in a short amount of time, and on your own, Starbucks is pretty great for that. Hacking physics was fun, we learned all about Newton and Galileo, and we experienced some basic physics concepts like kinetic energy through experimenting and making mistakes.
My favorite was the giant Newton’s cradle that we made out of bowling balls, no bocce balls. We experimented with lot of other things like bowling balls and event giant jawbreakers.
Project Discovery’s ropes course is awesome, and slightly stressful. When you’re 60 feet off the ground, you have to learn how to handle your fears, communicate clearly, and most importantly, trust each other.
Community organizations play a big part in my education, High Fives Foundation’s Basics Program being aware and safe in critical situations. We spent a day with the Squaw Valley Ski Patrol to learn more about mountain safety, then the next day we switched to science of snow, weather and avalanches.
But most importantly, we learned that making bad decisions puts you and your friends at risk. Young should talk, well brings history to life. You study a famous character in history, and so that you can stand on stage and perform as that character, and answer any question about their lifetime.
In this photo, you see Al Capone and Bob Marley getting grilled with questions at the historical Piper’s Opera House in Virginia City, the same stage where Harry Houdini got his start.
Time and nature is really important to me, it’s calm, quiet and I get to just log out of reality. I spend one day a week, outside all day. At my Fox Walkers classes, our goal is to be able to survive in the wilderness with just a knife. We learn to listen to nature, we learn to sense our surroundings, and I’ve gained a spiritual connection to nature that, I never knew existed.
But the best part is that we get to make spears, bows and arrows, fires with just a bow drill and survival shelters for the snowy nights when we camp out. Hanging out at the Moment Factory where they hand make skis and design clothes, has really inspired me to one day have my own business. The guys at the factory showed me why I need to be good at math, be creative and get good at selling.
So I got an internship at Big Shark Print to get better at design and selling. Between fetching lunch, scrubbing toilets and breaking their vacuum cleaner, I’m getting to contribute to clothing design, customizing hats and selling them. The people who work there are happy, healthy, creative, and stoked to be doing what they are doing, this is by far my favorite class.
So, this is why I’m really happy, powder days, and it’s a good metaphor for my life, my education, my hackschooling. If everyone ski this mountain, like most people think of education, everyone will be skiing the same line, probably the safest and most of the powder would go untouched.
I look at this, and see a thousand possibilities, dropping the corners, shredding the spine, looking for a churning from cliff-to-cliff. Skiing to me is freedom, and so is my education, it’s about being creative; doing things differently, it’s about community and helping each other. It’s about being happy and healthy among my very best friends.
So I’m starting to think, I know what I might want to do when I grow up, but if you ask me what do I want to be when I grow up? I’ll always know that I want to be happy. Thank you.
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea， and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows that for about two and half hours on the way down， it's a perfectly positively pitch—black world。 And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the windowthat you couldn't describe： these blinking lights —— a world of bioluminescence， like fireflies。 Dr。 Edith Widder —— she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association —— was able to come up with a camera that could capture some of these incredible animals， and that's what you're seeing here on the screen。
好了，我们即将潜入海底深处。 任何一个有过这种美妙机会的人都知道 在这两个半小时的下降过程中， 是一个完全漆黑的世界。 我们透过窗户会看见世界上各种最神秘的动物， 各种无法形容的动物。这些闪亮着的光， 完美地构成了如萤火虫般发光的世界。 研究保护协会的Edith Witter博士 发明了一种照相机， 这种照相机可以拍下这些令人难以置信的生物。 这就是你现在在屏幕上看到的。
That's all bioluminescence。 So， like I said： just like fireflies。 There's a flying turkey under a tree。 （Laughter） I'm a geologist by training。 But I love that。 And you see， some of the bioluminescence they use to avoid being eaten， some they use to attract prey， but all of it， from an artistic point of view， is positively amazing。 And a lot of what goes on inside 。。。 there's a fish with glowing eyes， pulsating eyes。 Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize， these lovely patterns。 And then this last one， one of my favorites， this pinwheel design。 Just absolutely amazing， every single dive。
他们全部都是生物发光体。像我说的，就像萤火虫一样。 这是个会飞的火鸡，在树下。（笑声） 我知道我现在像是个实习期的地质学家，不过我就是喜欢。 你可以看到这些生物发出的光， 有些是为了避免被吃掉。 有些又是为引诱食物上钩。 尽管如此，用艺术的角度来看，这些都如此神奇。 再来看看这里发生了些什么—— 这条鱼有着会发光，闪烁的眼睛。 有些颜色则可以催眠。 多么有趣的图案。这是最后一个： 也是我的最爱，像转轮一样的设计。 每一次潜水都充满着惊喜。
That's the unknown world， and today we've only explored about 3 percent of what's out there in the ocean。 Already we've found the world's highest mountains， the world's deepest valleys， underwater lakes， underwater waterfalls —— a lot of that we shared with you from the stage。 And in a place where we thought no life at all， we find more life， we think， and diversity and density than the tropical rainforest， which tells us that we don't know much about this planet at all。 There's still 97 percent， and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises。
这正是一个未知的世界。到今天为止，我们只探索了其中的极小部分， 大约只占了所有海洋的3%。 到现在，我们已经发现了世界上最高的山峰， 最深的峡谷， 水下湖，水下瀑布， 还有我们刚才看到的。 然而，恰是我们曾经以为根本不可能有生命的地方， 我们发现了众多的生物，还有它们的密度和多样性， 都超过了热带雨林。这告诉我们 我们实际上对自己的星球还不甚了解。 还有剩下的97%，那里要不就是一片荒芜，要不就是充满惊喜。
But I want to jump up to shallow water now and look at some creatures that are positively amazing。Cephalopods —— head—foots。 As a kid I knew them as calamari， mostly。 （Laughter） This is an octopus —— this is the work of Dr。 Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab —— and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can， with their incredible eyes， sense their surroundings， look at light， look at patterns。 Here's an octopus moving across the reef， finds a spot to settle down， curls up and then disappears into the background。 Tough thing to do。
不过我现在还是想说说浅水里的世界， 来看看那些神奇的生物。 头足类动物，有头有角。小时候我把他们当作是枪乌贼。 这是一条章鱼。 这是来自Roger Hanlon博士，海洋生物实验室的成果。 这些头足类动物真令人着迷， 它用它们的眼睛，它们那难以置信的眼睛来观察周围的环境， 看光，看图案。 这有只章鱼正在穿过礁石。 找到一个位置，停下来，卷起，然后马上消失在背景之中。 这很难做到。
In the next bit， we're going to see a couple squid。 These are squid。 Now males， when they fight， if they're really aggressive， they turn white。 And these two males are fighting， they do it by bouncing their butts together， which is an interesting concept。 Now， here's a male on the left and a female on the right， and the male has managed to split his coloration so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid in him。 And the male 。。。 （Laughter） We're going to see it again。 Let's take a look at it again。 Watch the coloration： white on the right， brown on the left。 He takes a step back —— so he's keeping off the other males by splitting his body —— and comes up on the other side 。。。 Bingo！ Now I'm told that's not just a squid phenomenon with males， but I don't know。 （Laughter）
接下来，再来一起看一对鱿鱼。 这就是鱿鱼。当雄性鱿鱼搏斗时， 如果它们想要显示出自己的侵略性，它们就变为白色了。 这有两条雄鱿鱼在搏斗。 它们用撞屁股的方式来搏斗， 真是挺有意思的方法。这里有一条雄性在左边， 雌性在右边。 看，这条雄性能有办法利用颜色把自己分为两半， 所以雌性只能看到它温顺，优雅的一边， 雄性—— （笑声）再来看一次。 让我们再看一次。注意它的颜色： 白色在右边，棕色在左边。 它后退一步，让其它的雄性无法靠近 来到另外一边，并且马上转换颜色。 瞧！以前有人告诉我 这个雄性特征不仅仅是在鱿鱼身上，不过我也不太确定。 （掌声）
the ideal teacher may be young or old, tall or short, fat or thin. he should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. his personality is as important as his scholarship. the ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. he must never teach anything he himself is not interested in. he should be a bit of anactor and he should not be afraid t express his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. he must like his students and respect them. but he must also respect himself and take pride in his work.
otherwise, he cannot respect his students and win respect from them. the ideal teacher should have an understanding of his students and be able tp relate to them. he needs students’ understanding, too. the ideal teacher should be kind, encouraging, and helpful and he should motivate his students to seek knowledge. the ideal teacher should see his students as individuals and acknowledge their differences. he must know how to encourage the self-development and growth of each of his students. the ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
so what about the teachers around you?
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen.It is my honor to be here to present my speech to you about the role of humanism in today's technologically advanced world.
What's the role of humanism today?At the first sight of this topic,I felt that I had a vision of walking along a dark passage to our destination,an ideal harmonious society.Humanism,is a lighthouse on this way to guide us in case we are getting lost,together with modern technology,we are well on our way toward our destination.
Like other young men,I love the internet.To be honest,I could not imagine a life without internet,which is a blessing taken by high technology.To some extent,it represents the whole world to me.I have registered some accounts on MySpace,Facebook,Twitter,Renren,Weibo and so forth.It's really amazing because these network technologies make it possible for people all over the world to communicate with each other freely and conveniently.
However,there are two sides to the argument,so what of the internet.While it could lighten our life,it could also turn into evil.It started with some of these arguments—well,it is argument at first—then the situation seems out of control:people start to curse and scold each other just because they have different opinions.People became more and more aggressive,seditious,and insulting,and later on,with the "Human-flesh searching" involved,the situation gets even worse.Those are what we called "Network of violence",they are still happening,and still going on.
It seems like that the internet frees us from the burden of our public identities so we should be our true,authentic selves online,except it turns out—who wouldn't see that coming—that our true,authentic selves aren't that fantastic.
The reason we define ourselves as human is because we have some natural instincts to care for and respect other people.In other words,we are pursuing the universal brotherhood,a peaceful world of free minds.It is humanism that keeps our society moving on and on.
As one of the most important inventions in our time,internet has changed the way of our life tremendously.It has changed the way we express and communicate with each other.It has made it possible for us to meet each other without distance; it has made it easier for us to know and to comprehend each other.
However not only some changes has it brought,but also brought on some has anarchy in its DNA,It's always been about anonymity,playing with your own identity and messing with other people's heads.It is a challenge,it challenges our self-discipline that we are proud of,it challenges our humanity that we are proud of.Sure technology promises us more freedom but it doesn't mean that we should leave our civilization behind.
That's why we need a guideline to light up our path,to lead us.In this technologically advanced world,what we need to do is to avoid the misuse of technology,but to take it as an accelerator,a lube or a navigator on our high way to create a better world,a harmonious society.
So don't ever forget our aspiration,and always have faith in humanism,and we are going to make it happen,in this technologically advanced world! Yes! We can!
Thank you,ladies and gentlemen.
I want to start by doing an experiment. I'mgoing to play three videos of a rainy day. But I've replaced the audio of oneof the videos, and instead of the sound of rain, I've added the sound of baconfrying. So I want you think carefully which one the clip with the bacon is.
我想用一个实验来开始我的演讲。我将给你们播放三段雨天的视频。不过我把其中一个视频里的 音频换成了别的，它不再是下雨的声音，变成了煎培根的声音。我想让你们认真听，找出哪个视频里是煎培根声。
Raise your hand if you've ever been asked the question "What do you want to be when you grow up?"
如果你们曾被问过这个问题，请举手“你长大之后想干什么?”
Now if you had to guess, how old would you say you were when you were first asked this question? You can just hold up fingers. Three. Five. Three. Five. Five. OK. Now, raise your hand if the question "What do you want to be when you grow up?" has ever caused you any anxiety.
现在大家回想一下，你们第一次被问这个问题是多大?你们可以举手指头来示意一下。三岁，五岁，三岁，五岁，五岁，好的。接下来，如果刚刚说的这个问题，“你长大之后想干什么?”曾经让你感到焦虑，请举手。
Any anxiety at all.
哪怕一点点焦虑。
I'm someone who's never been able to answer the question "What do you want to be when you grow up?"
我永远无法回答这个问题，“你长大之后想干什么?”
See, the problem wasn't that I didn't have any interests -- it's that I had too many. In high school, I liked English and math and art and I built websites and I played guitar in a punk band called Frustrated Telephone Operator. Maybe you've heard of us.
并不是说我没有兴趣爱好，而是我的兴趣爱好太多。高中的时候，我喜欢英语、数学和艺术，建过网站在一个叫“失意电话话务员”的朋克乐队当吉他手。也许你们还听说过我们乐队呢。
This continued after high school, and at a certain point, I began to notice this pattern in myself where I would become interested in an area and I would dive in, become all-consumed, and I'd get to be pretty good at whatever it was, and then I would hit this point where I'd start to get bored. And usually I would try and persist anyway, because I had already devoted so much time and energy and sometimes money into this field. But eventually this sense of boredom, this feeling of, like, yeah, I got this, this isn't challenging anymore -- it would get to be too much. And I would have to let it go.
高中毕业后我也依旧兴趣广泛，某一天，我发现自己有一个行为模式，我会对某一个领域感兴趣，然后一头扎进去，认真钻研，变得越来越擅长，但到了某一个阶段，我就会开始觉得无聊。通常我会继续坚持下去，因为我已经投入了很多时间和精力，有时候还有金钱。但是最终这种无聊的感觉，就像在说，哦，这事我已经会了，已经没有任何挑战了，再继续也不会有多大成就了。我必须要放手。
But then I would become interested in something else, something totally unrelated, and I would dive into that, and become all-consumed, and I'd be like, "Yes! I found my thing," and then I would hit this point again where I'd start to get bored. And eventually, I would let it go. But then I would discover something new and totally different, and I would dive into that.
但之后我可能又会对另一些事感兴趣，跟之前完全不同的领域，我又会一头扎进去，认真钻研，然后说，“太棒了!这就是我的菜!”之后我又会达到那个阶段，开始觉得无聊。最后，我又会放弃。 之后我又会发现新的兴趣，不同的领域 然后一头扎进去。
This pattern caused me a lot of anxiety, for two reasons. The first was that I wasn't sure how I was going to turn any of this into a career. I thought that I would eventually have to pick one thing, deny all of my other passions, and just resign myself to being bored. The other reason it caused me so much anxiety was a little bit more personal. I worried that there was something wrong with this, and something wrong with me for being unable to stick with anything. I worried that I was afraid of commitment, or that I was scattered, or that I was self-sabotaging, afraid of my own success.
这种模式让我非常焦虑，原因有两点。 一是我不确定 如何才能将这些兴趣变成我的职业。 我觉得自己最终会从 (这些兴趣)里面挑一个，而对其他爱好忍痛割爱， 做好将来一定会无聊的心理准备。 让我非常焦虑的第二个原因， 跟我自身有关。 我担心自己的这种行为模式是错的， 自己这么朝三暮四，是不是错了。我是不是害怕做出承诺， 或者自由散漫，破罐子破摔， 惧怕成功。
If you can relate to my story and to these feelings, I'd like you to ask yourself a question that I wish I had asked myself back then. Ask yourself where you learned to assign the meaning of wrong or abnormal to doing many things. I'll tell you where you learned it: you learned it from the culture.
如果你能理解我的故事和我的感受，请你们问自己一个问题，这个问题我早就该问自己的。就是，你是从哪里学到该如何判断我们的所作所为是错误的或者不正常的。 我来告诉你答案： 是从我们的文化中学到的。
We are first asked the question "What do you want to be when you grow up?" when we're about five years old. And the truth is that no one really cares what you say when you're that age.
我们第一次被问到“你长大之后想干什么?”是在差不多五岁的时候。其实像你那么大的时候没有人会真的关心你说了什么。
It's considered an innocuous question, posed to little kids to elicit cute replies, like, "I want to be an astronaut," or "I want to be a ballerina," or "I want to be a pirate." Insert Halloween costume here.
这仅仅是一个无伤大雅的问题，为的是让小朋友做出可爱的回应，比如，“我想当宇航员”，或者“我想当芭蕾舞演员”，或者“我想当海盗”。此处应加万圣节服装的特效。
But this question gets asked of us again and again as we get older in various forms -- for instance, high school students might get asked what major they're going to pick in college. And at some point, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" goes from being the cute exercise it once was to the thing that keeps us up at night. Why?
然而这个问题，在我们成长的过程中会不断被问到形式多种多样，比如，高中生会被问到，你们在大学准备选什么专业。突然有一天， “你长大之后想干什么?” 从原本一种秀可爱的方式 变成了让我们寝食难安的难题。为什么会这样?
See, while this question inspires kids to dream about what they could be, it does not inspire them to dream about all that they could be. In fact, it does just the opposite, because when someone asks you what you want to be, you can't reply with 20 different things, though well-meaning adults will likely chuckle and be like, "Oh, how cute, but you can't be a violin maker and a psychologist. You have to choose."
尽管这个问题鼓励小朋友想象自己将来要做什么，但它并未给小朋友充分想象的自由。恰恰相反，它限制了小朋友想象的自由，因为有人问你长大后想做什么，你不可能回答20种不同的职业，尽管有些善良的大人会笑呵呵地说，“哦，你太可爱了，但是你不能同时成为小提琴制作家和心理学家啊。你必须选一个。”
This is Dr. Bob Childs -- and he's a luthier and psychotherapist. And this is Amy Ng, a magazine editor turned illustrator, entrepreneur, teacher and creative director. But most kids don't hear about people like this. All they hear is that they're going to have to choose. But it's more than that. The notion of the narrowly focused life is highly romanticized in our culture. It's this idea of destiny or the one true calling, the idea that we each have one great thing we are meant to do during our time on this earth, and you need to figure out what that thing isand devote your life to it.
这位是鲍勃·柴尔兹博士，他是一名弦乐器工匠和心理医生。这位是艾米·恩，之前是杂志编辑，后来成为插画作家，企业家教师和创意总监。但大部分孩子都没听说过他们。他们听到的只是要他们进行选择和取舍。 事情远不止这么简单。 一生都心无旁骛的这一观念， 在我们的文化中被过分浪漫化了。 这种命运论或者说 “命中注定的职业”的概念， 意思是我们每个人都有一份 命中注定的伟大事业，我们需要找到它， 并为之奋斗一生。
But what if you're someone who isn't wired this way? What if there are a lot of different subjects that you're curious about, and many different things you want to do? Well, there is no room for someone like you in this framework. And so you might feel alone. You might feel like you don't have a purpose. And you might feel like there's something wrong with you. There's nothing wrong with you. What you are is a multipotentialite.
但如果你不是这样的人呢?如果你对很多事都有好奇心，想去尝试各种各样的职业呢?那么在现有体系中，你很难有容身之处。你也许会感到孤独。你也许会觉得自己没有目标。你也许会觉得自己是不是有问题。你没有问题。你是一名“多重潜力者”。
A multipotentialite is someone with many interests and creative pursuits. It's a mouthful to say. It might help if you break it up into three parts: multi, potential, and ite. You can also use one of the other terms that connote the same idea, such as polymath, the Renaissance person. Actually, during the Renaissance period, it was considered the ideal to be well-versed in multiple disciplines. Barbara Sher refers to us as "scanners." Use whichever term you like, or invent your own. I have to say I find it sort of fitting that as a community, we cannot agree on a single identity.
“多重潜力者”拥有多种兴趣并且追求创新。听起来很费解吧。如果把它拆成三部分可能比较好理解：多重的，有潜力的，人。你也可以用其他词来表述类似的意思，比如“博学者”，或者“文艺复兴者”。实际上，在文艺复兴时代，精通多个学科是非常被推崇的。芭芭拉·谢尔称我们为“扫描仪”。你可以选择一个自己喜欢的词，或者创造一个新的。我感觉自己找到了组织，因为我们无法接受只有一种身份。
It's easy to see your multipotentiality as a limitation or an affliction that you need to overcome. But what I've learned through speaking with people and writing about these ideas on my website, is that there are some tremendous strengths to being this way. Here are three multipotentialite super powers.
人们很容易把多重潜力视为一种局限或者痛苦，需要克服。但我通过与人们交流，以及把这些观点发到我的网站上，我发现多重潜力者有很多优点。多重潜力者拥有三种“超能力”。
One: idea synthesis. That is, combining two or more fields and creating something new at the intersection.Sha Hwang and Rachel Binx drew from their shared interests in cartography, data visualization, travel, mathematics and design, when they founded Meshu. Meshu is a company that creates custom geographically-inspired jewelry. Sha and Rachel came up with this unique idea not despite, but because of their eclectic mix of skills and experiences. Innovation happens at the intersections. That's where the new ideas come from. And multipotentialites, with all of their backgrounds, are able to access a lot of these points of intersection.
第一是产生创意。就是说，结合两个或两个以上领域从结合处寻求创新。黄沙和瑞秋·宾克斯找到了共同的兴趣爱好，像制图，数据可视化，旅行，数学和设计，之后他们创办了Meshu。 Meshu是一家定制珠宝公司，专门制作具有地域特色的珠宝。黄沙和瑞秋之所以能产生这个独特的创意，正是因为他俩博学多才，经历丰富。创新来源于交叉处。新创意(大都)来源于此。而多重潜力者，拥有丰富的(知识)背景，能够在各领域交叉处找到突破点。
The second multipotentialite superpower is rapid learning. When multipotentialites become interested in something, we go hard. We observe everything we can get our hands on. We're also used to being beginners, because we've been beginners so many times in the past, and this means that we're less afraid of trying new things and stepping out of our comfort zones. What's more, many skills are transferable across disciplines, and we bring everything we've learned to every new area we pursue, so we're rarely starting from scratch.
多重潜力者的第二种超能力是快速学习。当多重潜力者对某件事产生兴趣时， 我们会全身心投入。 我们仔细观察，勤于实践。 我们已经习惯于当初学者，因为我们过去曾当过无数次初学者， 我们不怕尝试新事物， 勇于走出舒适区。 除此以外，很多能力在各个学科都是通用的， 我们将之前所学用于新领域， 而不用从零开始。
Nora Dunn is a full-time traveler and freelance writer. As a child concert pianist, she honed an incredible ability to develop muscle memory. Now, she's the fastest typist she knows.
诺拉·邓恩是一位全职旅行家和自由作家。作为一名儿童钢琴演奏家，她磨练出了非凡的能力来发展肌肉记忆。因此，她是她所有认识的人中打字最快的。
Before becoming a writer, Nora was a financial planner. She had to learn the finer mechanics of sales when she was starting her practice, and this skill now helps her write compelling pitches to editors. It is rarely a waste of time to pursue something you're drawn to, even if you end up quitting. You might apply that knowledge in a different field entirely, in a way that you couldn't have anticipated.
在当作家之前，诺拉是一名理财师。在初入这行的时候，她不得不学习一些高明的销售技巧，如今这项技能被她用来给编辑写精彩的推荐语。追求你感兴趣的东西并不是浪费时间，即使最后你并没有坚持到底。也许将来你会把这些知识用在一个完全不同的领域，用一种你完全预料不到的方式。
The third multipotentialite superpower is adaptability; that is, the ability to morph into whatever you need to be in a given situation. Abe Cajudo is sometimes a video director, sometimes a web designer, sometimes a Kickstarter consultant, sometimes a teacher, and sometimes, apparently, James Bond.
第三种“超能力”是适应性。 也就是说，如果有需要， 你能变成任何角色， 以适应不同的情况。 艾比·卡胡多有时候是视频导演， 有时候是网站设计师， 有时候是众筹顾问， 有时候是老师， 有时候，很明显，是詹姆斯·邦德。
He's valuable because he does good work. He's even more valuable because he can take on various roles,depending on his clients' needs. Fast Company magazine identified adaptability as the single most important skill to develop in order to thrive in the 21st century. The economic world is changing so quickly and unpredictably that it is the individuals and organizations that can pivot in order to meet the needs of the market that are really going to thrive.
他拥有出色的工作能力。更重要的是他可以随时切换自己的角色，来满足客户的需要。《快公司》杂志认为，要想在21世纪取得成功，适应性是最重要的一项技能。经济界的变化如此迅速且无法预测，那些能够根据市场需要进行调整的个人和公司才有可能取得成功。
Idea synthesis, rapid learning and adaptability: three skills that multipotentialites are very adept at, and three skills that they might lose if pressured to narrow their focus. As a society, we have a vested interest in encouraging multipotentialites to be themselves. We have a lot of complex, multidimensional problems in the world right now, and we need creative, out-of-the-box thinkers to tackle them.
产生创意，快速学习和适应性是多重潜力者非常擅长的三种能力，如果强迫他们缩小自己的关注范围，这三种能力也许就会丧失。作为一个社会，鼓励多重潜力者保持本色对我们有利。我们如今面临许多复杂问题，涉及许多方面， 我们需要有创意的、能破除思维定式的 思想者来解决这些问题。
Now, let's say that you are, in your heart, a specialist. You came out of the womb knowing you wanted to be a pediatric neurosurgeon. Don't worry -- there's nothing wrong with you, either.
我们假设，内心深处，你是一名专家。你从打娘胎里出来就知道你想当一名儿童神经外科医生。别担心，即使这样你也挺正常的。
In fact, some of the best teams are comprised of a specialist and multipotentialite paired together. The specialist can dive in deep and implement ideas, while the multipotentialite brings a breadth of knowledge to the project. It's a beautiful partnership. But we should all be designing lives and careers that are aligned with how we're wired. And sadly, multipotentialites are largely being encouraged simply to be more like their specialist peers.
事实上，一些顶尖团队就是由专家和多重潜力者搭配组成。专家可以深入研究，实践想法，而多重潜力者可以为项目带来更广泛的知识支持。这是一种美妙的合作。但是我们都应该根据自己的天赋来规划与之相适应的人生和职业。不幸的是，多重潜力者往往被要求成为(刚刚提到的)团队中的那个专家。
So with that said, if there is one thing you take away from this talk, I hope that it is this: embrace your inner wiring, whatever that may be. If you're a specialist at heart, then by all means, specialize. That is where you'll do your best work. But to the multipotentialites in the room, including those of you who may have just realized in the last 12 minutes that you are one --
所以，如果你从今天的演讲中学到了一件事的话，我希望会是： 接受你内心的真实想法。 如果你是专家型的人， 那就用尽一切办法，成为专家。你会干得非常不错。 但对于在座的多重潜力者们， 包括那些在过去的12分钟里 刚刚意识到自己是多重潜力者的人。
To you I say: embrace your many passions. Follow your curiosity down those rabbit holes. Explore your intersections. Embracing our inner wiring leads to a happier, more authentic life. And perhaps more importantly -- multipotentialites, the world needs us.Thank you.
我要对你们说：接受你的众多爱好。保持你的好奇心。探索(不同领域的)交叉地带。让真实的自我引领我们去过更快乐、更真实的人生。也许更重要的是，(我们是)多重潜力者，这个世界需要我们。谢谢大家。
I encourage you to look up the scene on YouTube – but not right now – because it’s still a very funny piece. And it’s funny because it’s ridiculous, but also because it contains a kernel of truth. And the truth applies not only to college presidents, but to all of us. How many times have we decided we’re against an idea before we’ve even heard it? How guilty are we of deciding “I’m against it” without even knowing what “it” is?
Many times, we know what we’re against based on who is saying it. If an idea comes from a certain public figure, politician, or media outlet, we already know how we feel. Partly this is because our public discourse has become so predictable. We’ve lost the capacity for surprise, for revelation. Speaking of predictable, here is the moment where an ambassador of an older generation – that would be me – tells millennials – most of you – about the evils of social media! But hear me out…
Obviously, social media has transformed our lives and our relationships. It obviously has many advantages, allowing us to share news and information quickly with people around the world. But it also heightens our sense of outrage and speeds up arguments, depriving us of the time and space for careful reflection. Bombarded with notifications, pressured to respond before the media cycle turns over, we tap out our position – our opposition – in seconds. It’s easy to be against something in fewer than 280 characters. It’s far more difficult to articulate what you are for – and to do it at warp speed.
People returning to work after a career break: I call them relaunchers. These are people who have taken career breaks for elder care, for childcare reasons, pursuing a personal interest or a personal health issue. Closely related are career transitioners of all kinds: veterans, military spouses, retirees coming out of retirement or repatriating expats. Returning to work after a career break is hard because of a disconnect between the employers and the relaunchers. Employers can view hiring people with a gap on their resume as a high-risk proposition, and individuals on career break can have doubts about their abilities to relaunch their careers, especially if they've been out for a long time. This disconnect is a problem that I'm trying to help solve.
有些人经过离职长假之后 重新投入到工作中来， 我称他们为“再从业者”。 这些人选择休离职长假， 有些是要照顾老人， 有些是要照顾孩子， 也有些是追求个人爱好， 或是健康因素。 各行各业转业的人 都与之紧密相关： 退伍军人、军嫂， 退休返聘的人， 或遣返回国者。 离职长假后重返工作 是非常困难的， 因为雇主和再从业者之间 有了隔阂。 雇主们认为，雇佣这些 简历上工作时间不连贯的人 是风险极高的决策， 而正在离职长假中的人 可能对自己再从业的能力产生疑虑， 特别是那些离职时间较长者。 两者间的缺乏联系 是我在尝试解决的问题。
Now, successful relaunchers are everywhere and in every field. This is Sami Kafala. He's a nuclear physicist in the UK who took a five-year career break to be home with his five children. The Singapore press recently wrote about nurses returning to work after long career breaks. And speaking of long career breaks, this is Mimi Kahn. She's a social worker in Orange County, California, who returned to work in a social services organization after a 25-year career break. That's the longest career break that I'm aware of. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor took a five-year career break early in her career.
如今，我们在各行各业 都能见到成功的再从业者。 这位是萨米·科法拉， 他是英国的一位核物理学家， 因为要在家照顾五个孩子 而度过了五年的离职长假。 新加坡的媒体最近发表了文章， 内容是有关离职长假后再从业的护士。 提到长时间的离职假期， 这位是米米·卡恩, 她是加州奥兰治县的一位社工， 她在度过20xx年的离职长假后 回到了一个社会服务组织工作。 这是据我所知最长的离职假期。 最高法院法官桑德拉·戴·奥康纳， 在其职业生涯早期 度过了五年离职长假。
And this is Tracy Shapiro, who took a 13-year career break. Tracy answered a call for essays by the Today Show from people who were trying to return to work but having a difficult time of it. Tracy wrote in that she was a mom of five who loved her time at home, but she had gone through a divorce and needed to return to work, plus she really wanted to bring work back into her life because she loved working. Tracy was doing what so many of us do when we feel like we've put in a good day in the job search. She was looking for a finance or accounting role, and she had just spent the last nine months very diligently researching companies online and applying for jobs with no results.
这位是特蕾西·莎碧罗， 她度过了20xx年的离职长假。 特蕾西答复了从“今日秀”节目观众中 征集到的问题， 他们想要重返工作， 却发现很难做到。 特蕾西写道：自己是五个孩子的母亲， 也很享受居家的时间， 但是她历经了一次离婚， 并且急需回到工作状态， 另外，她很想把工作 带回她的生活中， 因为她也很享受工作。 特蕾西也曾做过 我们很多人所做的事， 每天不停的搜寻合适的工作。 她找过财经、会计领域的职位， 她在那之前花掉了九个月时间， 很努力地调查网上的公司， 然后投放简历，却一无所获。
I met Tracy in June of 20xx, when the Today Show asked me if I could work with her to see if I could help her turn things around. The first thing I told Tracy was she had to get out of the house. I told her she had to go public with her job search and tell everyone she knew about her interest in returning to work. I also told her, "You are going to have a lot of conversations that don't go anywhere. Expect that, and don't be discouraged by it. There will be a handful that ultimately lead to a job opportunity."
我在20xx年六月见到了特蕾西， 那时“今日秀”节目 问我可否与她合作， 看我能不能帮她走出困境。 我告诉特蕾西的第一件事， 就是她必须走出家门。 我告诉她，她必须 公开自己求职的想法， 然后告诉她认识的所有人， 自己再从业的强烈意愿。 我还告诉她， “有很多你参与的对话 是对你完全没有帮助的。 你要做好心理准备， 别因为那些而灰心丧气。 找到工作机会之前， 确实要经历很多琐事。”
I'll tell you what happened with Tracy in a little bit, but I want to share with you a discovery that I made when I was returning to work after my own career break of 11 years out of the full-time workforce. And that is, that people's view of you is frozen in time. What I mean by this is, when you start to get in touch with people and you get back in touch with those people from the past, the people with whom you worked or went to school, they are going to remember you as you were before your career break. And that's even if your sense of self has diminished over time, as happens with so many of us the farther removed we are from our professional identities. So for example, you might think of yourself as someone who looks like this. This is me, crazy after a day of driving around in my minivan. Or here I am in the kitchen. But those people from the past, they don't know about any of this. They only remember you as you were, and it's a great confidence boost to be back in touch with these people and hear their enthusiasm about your interest in returning to work.
我稍后再告诉你们 特蕾西是如何处理的， 我想先跟大家分享 我的一个发现， 那时我刚刚回到工作中， 结束了自己离开全职工作大军 20xx年的长假。 这个发现就是， 人们对你的印象凝固在过去。 我的意思是， 当你再次开始与人打交道， 与曾经合作过的人重新接触， 例如跟你一起上学、工作过的人， 他们对你的印象是 离职长假之前的你。 我们的自我意识 随着时间推移逐渐淡化， 我们很多人都会这样， 我们距离我们的职业身份 也就越来越远。 举个例子， 你可能把你自己看成这样。 这就是我，开了一天小面包车， 整个人感觉很疯狂。 这是我在厨房里的样子。 但是从前的那些人， 他们对这些一无所知。 他们只记得你曾经的样子， 当你重新与这些人沟通时， 真是大大的增强了自信心， 而且他们对你有再从业的兴趣 感到非常的开心。
There's one more thing I remember vividly from my own career break. And that was that I hardly kept up with the business news. My background is in finance, and I hardly kept up with any news when I was home caring for my four young children. So I was afraid I'd go into an interview and start talking about a company that didn't exist anymore. So I had to resubscribe to the Wall Street Journal and read it for a good six months cover to cover before I felt like I had a handle on what was going on in the business world again.
我还清晰地记得发生在 我离职长假中的一件事。 那时我几乎完全不关注经济新闻。 我曾是财经行业出身， 然而我在家照顾四个孩子时， 我几乎不关注任何的新闻。 所以我很害怕， 自己去参加面试的时候， 会讲到一个不复存在的公司。 所以我重新订阅了华尔街日报， 然后连续看了六个月， 之后我才觉得自己对经济 又有了点解了。
I believe relaunchers are a gem of the workforce, and here's why. Think about our life stage: for those of us who took career breaks for childcare reasons, we have fewer or no maternity leaves. We did that already. We have fewer spousal or partner job relocations. We're in a more settled time of life. We have great work experience. We have a more mature perspective. We're not trying to find ourselves at an employer's expense. Plus we have an energy, an enthusiasm about returning to work precisely because we've been away from it for a while.
我相信再从业者是 劳动大军中的精英， 原因如下。 想想我们人生的阶段： 对于那些因为要照顾孩子 而休离职假期的人， 大都没有产假，或是产假很短。 我们早就做过这些了。 我们离婚率较低， 也很少因伴侣而调整工作。 我们的生活更稳定。 我们有很棒的工作经历， 更成熟的眼光， 我们不会成为雇主的牺牲品。 此外，我们有一种能量 - 重返岗位的热情， 正是因为我们离职一段时间了。 另外，我也跟雇主讨论，
On the flip side, I speak with employers, and here are two concerns that employers have about hiring relaunchers.
以下是雇主们 关于雇佣再从业者的两个担忧。
The first one is, employers are worried that relaunchers are technologically obsolete. Now, I can tell you, having been technologically obsolete myself at one point, that it's a temporary condition. I had done my financial analysis so long ago that I used Lotus 1-2-3. I don't know if anyone can even remember back that far, but I had to relearn it on Excel. It actually wasn't that hard. A lot of the commands are the same. I found PowerPoint much more challenging, but now I use PowerPoint all the time. I tell relaunchers that employers expect them to come to the table with a working knowledge of basic office management software. And if they're not up to speed, then it's their responsibility to get there. And they do.
其一，雇主担心这些再从业者 技术方面比较落后。 我可以告诉各位， 虽然有段时间我自己技术确实落后， 但那只是暂时的。 很早以前我用“莲花123”软件 来做财经分析， 我不知道有没有人还记得 那么早以前的事了， 这些技能我得在 Excel上重新拾起。 其实这并并非难事， 很多的操作指令是一样的。 我发现PowerPoint更具挑战性， 但现在我对PowerPoint驾轻就熟。 我告诉再从业者们， 雇主希望找工作的人 对基本的办公管理软件 有实践经验。 如果他们操作速度不够快， 那他们就必须变得更高效。 而他们确实做得到。
The second area of concern that employers have about relaunchers is they're worried that relaunchers don't know what they want to do. I tell relaunchers that they need to do the hard work to figure out whether their interests and skills have changed or have not changed while they have been on career break. That's not the employer's job. It's the relauncher's responsibility to demonstrate to the employer where they can add the most value.
雇主对再从业者的第二种忧虑， 就是他们担心再从业者 不清楚他们想要做什么。 我告诉再从业者， 他们必须仔细研究， 了解自己的爱好或者技能 在离职长假的过程中 是否发生了变化。 这不是雇主的职责。 这个是再从业者的责任， 把自己展现给雇主， 来充分展示自己可创造的价值。
Back in 20xx I started noticing something. I had been tracking return to work programs since 20xx, and in 20xx, I started noticing the use of a short-term paid work opportunity, whether it was called an internship or not, but an internship-like experience, as a way for professionals to return to work. I saw Goldman Sachs and Sara Lee start corporate reentry internship programs. I saw a returning engineer, a nontraditional reentry candidate, apply for an entry-level internship program in the military, and then get a permanent job afterward. I saw two universities integrate internships into mid-career executive education programs.
20xx年，我开始注意到一件事。 我从20xx年开始追踪 人们重返岗位的情况， 然而在20xx年，我开始注意到， 一种短期、带薪的工作机会开始出现， 不论它是不是名叫“实习”， 但总之是一个很像实习的经历， 这为重回岗位的专业人士 开辟了一条道路。 我看到高盛和莎莉集团 都开始了此类 二次从业的实习项目。 我看到一个再从业的工程师， 算是不太传统的再从业人士， 申请了一个 军方的初级实习项目， 后来他获得了一个永久的工作。 我看到两所大学 将实习项目整合到 职业中期管理学教育项目中。
So I wrote a report about what I was seeing, and it became this article for Harvard Business Review called "The 40-Year-Old Intern." I have to thank the editors there for that title, and also for this artwork where you can see the 40-year-old intern in the midst of all the college interns. And then, courtesy of Fox Business News, they called the concept "The 50-Year-Old Intern."
于是，就我所观察到的现象， 我写了一篇报告， 后来它发表在了 《哈佛商业评论》中， 名字叫《40岁的实习生》。 我必须得感谢编者拟的标题， 还有这个很棒的配图， 你们可以看到那个40岁的实习生 出现在一群大学实习生中。 后来，还得感谢福克斯商业新闻， 他们把这个概念称为 “50岁的实习生”。
So five of the biggest financial services companies have reentry internship programs for returning finance professionals. And at this point, hundreds of people have participated. These internships are paid, and the people who move on to permanent roles are commanding competitive salaries. And now, seven of the biggest engineering companies are piloting reentry internship programs for returning engineers as part of an initiative with the Society of Women Engineers. Now, why are companies embracing the reentry internship? Because the internship allows the employer to base their hiring decision on an actual work sample instead of a series of interviews, and the employer does not have to make that permanent hiring decision until the internship period is over. This testing out period removes the perceived risk that some managers attach to hiring relaunchers, and they are attracting excellent candidates who are turning into great hires.
五家最大的金融服务公司 都设立了再从业实习项目， 专为重回岗位的金融精英。 截至目前，数百人参与了这些项目。 这些实习项目是带薪的， 而且那些晋升到永久岗位的人， 都有极具竞争力的薪资。 现在，七家最大的工程公司， 也在推行再从业实习项目， 来帮助重返岗位的工程师， 这也是女性工程师协会 新方案的一部分。 那么，为什么这些企业 大力支持再从业实习呢? 因为这种实习可以让雇主 基于参与者实际工作成效 来做出雇佣决策， 而非一系列的面试， 而且雇主不必在实习结束之前 就做出永久雇佣的决定。 这段试验期消除了一定的风险， 这关乎某些经理人 对雇佣再从业者的担忧， 同时，这也吸引了大量再从业人士， 他们成为了出色的雇佣对象。
Think about how far we have come. Before this, most employers were not interested in engaging with relaunchers at all. But now, not only are programs being developed specifically with relaunchers in mind, but you can't even apply for these programs unless you have a gap on your résumé.
各位,想一想我们取得的进步， 在此之前，大多数雇主 根本没兴趣与再从业者打交道。 然而现在，有许多项目在开展实施， 特别是针对再从业者的项目， 如果简历上没有一段空档期， 你根本不能申请这些项目。
This is the mark of real change, of true institutional shift, because if we can solve this problem for relaunchers, we can solve it for other career transitioners too. In fact, an employer just told me that their veterans return to work program is based on their reentry internship program. And there's no reason why there can't be a retiree internship program. Different pool, same concept.
这标志着一种实质变化， 一种真正的制度变革， 因为如果我们可以 为再从业者解决这个问题， 我们亦可为其他的职业转型者 解决同样的问题。 事实上，一位雇主刚刚告诉我， 他们的“退伍军人再从业项目”， 就是基于他们的再从业实习项目。 我们也没有理由不去设立 一个“退休人士实习项目”。 不同的对象，相同的概念。
So let me tell you what happened with Tracy Shapiro. Remember that she had to tell everyone she knew about her interest in returning to work. Well, one critical conversation with another parent in her community led to a job offer for Tracy, and it was an accounting job in a finance department. But it was a temp job. The company told her there was a possibility it could turn into something more, but no guarantees. This was in the fall of 20xx. Tracy loved this company, and she loved the people and the office was less than 10 minutes from her house. So even though she had a second job offer at another company for a permanent full-time role, she decided to take her chances with this internship and hope for the best. Well, she ended up blowing away all of their expectations, and the company not only made her a permanent offer at the beginning of 20xx, but they made it even more interesting and challenging, because they knew what Tracy could handle.
让我告诉你们特蕾西·莎碧罗 最后发生了什么。 各位回想一下， 她必须告诉她认识的每一个人， 自己对重返工作岗位很有兴趣。 结果，她与自己社区里的长辈 进行了一次关键的谈话， 这让她找到了一份工作邀请。 那是一个金融部门的会计工作。 但那是临时的。 公司告诉她， 有可能有岗位晋升的机会， 但是不能保证。 那是20xx年的秋天。 特蕾西很爱那个公司， 而且她喜欢那里的员工， 从办公室去她家只需10分钟。 所以即使她后来得到了 第二份工作邀请， 来自另一家公司， 而且有永久、全职的保证， 她决定在这份实习项目中冒冒险， 尽人事，听天命。 最后，她的业绩 远远超出了所有人的期望值， 公司不但提供了她永久岗位， 那是在20xx年初， 而且他们还让她的工作 更加有趣、有挑战性， 因为他们知道特蕾西可以办得到。
Fast forward to 20xx, Tracy's been promoted. They've paid for her to get her MBA at night. She's even hired another relauncher to work for her. Tracy's temp job was a tryout, just like an internship, and it ended up being a win for both Tracy and her employer.
时间快进到20xx年， 特蕾西获得了晋升。 公司为她的夜校工商管理课程买单。 她甚至雇佣了 另一位再从业者为她工作。 特蕾西的临时工作像是一个试验， 就像实习项目， 而最终，特蕾西和她的雇主 达到了双赢局面。
Now, my goal is to bring the reentry internship concept to more and more employers. But in the meantime, if you are returning to work after a career break, don't hesitate to suggest an internship or an internship-like arrangement to an employer that does not have a formal reentry internship program. Be their first success story, and you can be the example for more relaunchers to come.
我的目标是将这种 再从业实习的概念 推荐给越来越多的雇主。 但是与此同时， 如果你在离职长假后重返岗位， 别犹豫向雇主提议设立实习项目， 或者类似实习项目的想法， 特别是那些没有 正式的再从业实习项目的公司。 争当他们的第一个成功故事， 而你们都可以成为 未来更多再从业者的楷模。
Thank you.
谢谢大家。
When Dorothy was a little girl, she wasfascinated by her goldfish. Her father explained to her that fish swim byquickly wagging their tails to propel themselves through the water. Withouthesitation, little Dorothy responded, "Yes, Daddy, and fish swim backwardsby wagging their heads."
当多萝西还是一个小女孩的时候，她被她的金鱼迷住了。她的父亲向她解释，鱼是通过快速摇尾推动自己在水中前进。毫无犹豫地，小多萝西回答道，“是的，爸爸，而且鱼会通过摇头来后退。”
In her mind, it was a fact as true as anyother. Fish swim backwards by wagging their heads. She believed it.
在她的心里，这是一个确切的事实。鱼通过摇头来后退。她坚信如此。
Our lives are full of fish swimmingbackwards. We make assumptions and faulty leaps of logic. We harbor bias. Weknow that we are right, and they are wrong. We fear the worst. We strive forunattainable perfection. We tell ourselves what we can and cannot do. In ourminds, fish swim by in reverse frantically wagging their heads and we don'teven notice them.
我们的生活中充满着倒游的鱼。我们制造假设和错误跳跃的逻辑。我们心怀偏见。我们知道我们是对的，而他们是错的。我们害怕最糟糕的。我们力求无法获得的完美。我们告诉自己什么是我们能做的和不能做的。在我们心里，鱼是通过往相反方向疯狂摇头来游泳的，而我们甚至不曾察觉过它们。
I'm going to tell you five facts aboutmyself. One fact is not true. One: I graduated from Harvard at 19 with anhonors degree in mathematics. Two: I currently run a construction company inOrlando. Three: I starred on a television sitcom. Four: I lost my sight to arare genetic eye disease. Five: I served as a law clerk to two US Supreme Courtjustices. Which fact is not true? Actually, they're all true. Yeah. They're alltrue.
我想告诉你们五件关于我的事实。其中有一件不是真的。第一：我19岁的时候以数学荣誉学士学位毕业于哈佛大学。第二：我现在在奥兰多经营着一家建筑公司。第三：我主演过一部电视情景剧。第四：我因为患上一种罕有的遗传性眼疾而失去了视力。第五：我曾经给两位美国最高法院的法官当过法律助手。哪一个不是真的呢?事实上，它们都是真的。是的，它们都是真的。
At this point, most people really only careabout the television show.
这时候，大部分人其实都只关心那部电视剧。
I know this from experience. OK, so theshow was NBC's "Saved by the Bell: The New Class." And I playedWeasel Wyzell, who was the sort of dorky, nerdy character on the show, whichmade it a very major acting challenge for me as a 13-year-old boy.
这是经验告诉我的。好吧，那部电视剧是NBC的“SavedbytheBell:TheNewClass."而我饰演了WeaselWyzell，一个在剧中带点笨拙书呆子性格的角色，对于13岁的我来说，这是一个很重大的演出挑战。
Now, did you struggle with number four, myblindness? Why is that? We make assumptions about so-called disabilities. As ablind man, I confront others' incorrect assumptions about my abilities everyday. My point today is not about my blindness, however. It's about my vision.Going blind taught me to live my life eyes wide open. It taught me to spotthose backwards-swimming fish that our minds create. Going blind cast them intofocus.
现在，你是否纠结于第四个事实，我的失明?为什么会这样呢?我们对所谓的残疾做出一些假设。作为盲人，我每天都面对别人对我能力的错误假设。然而，我今天的重点不在于我的失明。而是在于我的视野。失明教会我用开阔的眼界去生活。它教会我去发现那些倒游的鱼，我们内心创造出来的鱼。失明使它们变成了焦点。
What does it feel like to see? It'simmediate and passive. You open your eyes and there's the world. Seeing isbelieving. Sight is truth. Right? Well, that's what I thought.
看得见是怎么样的一种感觉?是即时并且被动的。你睁开双眼，世界就在你眼前。看见什么相信什么。眼见为实。对吧?好吧，我当初是这么想的。
Then, from age 12 to 25, my retinasprogressively deteriorated. My sight became an increasingly bizarre carnivalfunhouse hall of mirrors and illusions. The salesperson I was relieved to spotin a store was really a mannequin. Reaching down to wash my hands, I suddenlysaw it was a urinal I was touching, not a sink, when my fingers felt its trueshape.
接着，从12岁到15岁，我的视网膜逐渐衰弱。我的视像变成了愈加奇异的嘉年华游乐场里的哈哈镜。我在商店里好不容易发现的销售员实际上是一个人体模型。俯下身去洗手，当我的手指感受到它的真实形状，我意识到我去触摸的是小便池，而不是洗手池。
A friend described the photograph in my hand, and only then I could seethe image depicted. Objects appeared, morphed and disappeared in my reality. Itwas difficult and exhausting to see. I pieced together fragmented, transitoryimages, consciously analyzed the clues, searched for some logic in my crumblingkaleidoscope, until I saw nothing at all.
一位朋友向我描述我手中的照片，只有在那时候我才能明白图像描画了些什么。物体在我的现实中出现、变形和消失。看见成为了一件困难的使我筋疲力尽的事情。我把支离破碎的、片刻的图像拼接起来，凭感觉分析线索，在我破碎的万花筒中寻找符合逻辑的对应，直到我什么都看不见。
I learned that what we see is not universaltruth. It is not objective reality. What we see is a unique, personal, virtualreality that is masterfully constructed by our brain.
我认识到我们所看到的并不即是普遍真理。并不是客观现实。我们所看到的是独一无二的虚拟现实，它是由我们的大脑巧妙地构造出来的。
Let me explain with a bit of amateurneuroscience. Your visual cortex takes up about 30 percent of your brain.That's compared to approximately eight percent for touch and two to threepercent for hearing. Every second, your eyes can send your visual cortex as manyas two billion pieces of information. The rest of your body can send your brainonly an additional billion. So sight is one third of your brain by volume andcan claim about two thirds of your brain's processing resources. It's nosurprise then that the illusion of sight is so compelling. But make no mistakeabout it: sight is an illusion.
请让我以外行的身份解释一遍神经系统学。你的视觉皮层占据了你脑部的大概30%。相比于触觉的8%以及听觉的2-3%。每一秒钟，你的双眼能够向你的视觉皮层传达多达二十亿的信息片段。其余的身体部分加起来也仅能够传达另外的十亿。所以视觉占据了你脑部容量的三分之一并且占用了你脑部中三分之二的信息处理资源。因此意想得到的是视觉幻象是多么的令人信服。但是别误会了：我们所看到的只是一种幻象。
Here's where it gets interesting. To createthe experience of sight, your brain references your conceptual understanding ofthe world, other knowledge, your memories, opinions, emotions, mentalattention. All of these things and far more are linked in your brain to yoursight. These linkages work both ways, and usually occur subconsciously. So for example, what you see impacts how you feel, and the way you feel can literally change what you see.
这是事情变得有趣的地方。为了制造视觉经验，你的大脑参考了你对这个世界的概念性理解，其它知识、你的记忆、看法、情绪和心理关注。所有的这些东西和以及其它的都连结于你的大脑和视觉景象之间。这些连结是双向作用的，并且常常在潜意识中发生。举例子来说，你所看到的会影响到你的感觉，而你的感觉又能够直接改变你所看到的。
Numerous studies demonstrate this. If you are asked toestimate the walking speed of a man in a video, for example, your answer willbe different if you're told to think about cheetahs or turtles. A hill appearssteeper if you've just exercised, and a landmark appears farther away if you'rewearing a heavy backpack. We have arrived at a fundamental contradiction.
许多的研究证明了这一点。如果你被要求去估计视频中人物的行走速度，举例来说，在被告知去想着猎豹或者乌龟的情况下，你的答案将会不一样。如果你刚刚运动完，你会感觉山变陡峭了，如果你背着一个很重的背包，眼前的目的地看起来距离更远。我们在这里遇到了一种基本的矛盾。
What you see is a complex mental construction of your own making, but you experienceit passively as a direct representation of the world around you. You createyour own reality, and you believe it. I believed mine until it broke apart. Thedeterioration of my eyes shattered the illusion.
你肉眼所看到的东西是你自己创造的一种复杂的心智建造，但是你被动地经历着它让它作为你周遭世界的一种直接呈现。你创造了属于你自己的现实并且深信着它。我深信于我的现实直到它瓦解了。我双眼的衰退粉碎了这种幻象。
You see, sight is just one way we shape ourreality. We create our own realities in many other ways. Let's take fear asjust one example. Your fears distort your reality. Under the warped logic offear, anything is better than the uncertain. Fear fills the void at all costs,passing off what you dread for what you know, offering up the worst in place ofthe ambiguous, substituting assumption for reason. Psychologists have a greatterm for it: awfulizing.
你看，视觉只是我们认识世界的一种途径。我们可以通过许多其它的方式去创造属于我们自己的现实。让我们来举恐惧作为一个例子。你的恐惧扭曲了你的现实。在扭曲的恐惧逻辑影响下，任何事情都比未知要好。恐惧不惜一切代价填补空白，把你所惧怕的冒充成你所知道的，让最糟糕取代了不明确，使假设代替了原因。心理学家对此有一个很好的术语：往坏处想。
Right? Fear replaces the unknown with theawful. Now, fear is self-realizing. When you face the greatest need to lookoutside yourself and think critically, fear beats a retreat deep inside yourmind, shrinking and distorting your view, drowning your capacity for criticalthought with a flood of disruptive emotions. When you face a compellingopportunity to take action, fear lulls you into inaction, enticing you topassively watch its prophecies fulfill themselves.
对吧?恐惧把未知的替换成了可怕的。现在，恐惧在自我实现着。当你非常迫切的需要去客观看待自己并进行批判性思考的时候，恐惧在你的内心深处打起了退堂鼓，收缩并扭曲你的观点，以洪水般涌现的破坏性情绪淹没你批判思考的能力。当你面对一个极具吸引力的机会去采取行动时，恐惧误导你去无所作为，诱使你被动地看着它的预言一个个实现成真。
When I was diagnosed with my blindingdisease, I knew blindness would ruin my life. Blindness was a death sentencefor my independence. It was the end of achievement for me. Blindness meant Iwould live an unremarkable life, small and sad, and likely alone. I knew it.This was a fiction born of my fears, but I believed it. It was a lie, but itwas my reality, just like those backwards-swimming fish in little Dorothy'smind. If I had not confronted the reality of my fear, I would have lived it. Iam certain of that.
当我被诊出患有致盲眼疾时，我料到失明将会毁了我的生活。失明对我的独立能力判了死刑。它是我一生成就的终点。失明意味着我将度过平凡的一生，渺小且凄惨，极有可能孤独终老。我就知道会这样。这是我因为恐惧带来的胡编乱造，但我相信了。它是一个谎言，但它曾是我的现实。就像小多萝西内心那些倒游的鱼一样。如若我不曾面对过我内心恐惧创造出来的现实，我会就那样活着。我很确定。
So how do you live your life eyes wideopen? It is a learned discipline. It can be taught. It can be practiced. I willsummarize very briefly.
所以你们如何去以开阔的眼界生活呢?这是一个需要学习的学科。它能被传授。它能被练习。我简单地总结一下。
Hold yourself accountable for every moment,every thought, every detail. See beyond your fears. Recognize your assumptions.Harness your internal strength. Silence your internal critic. Correct yourmisconceptions about luck and about success. Accept your strengths and yourweaknesses, and understand the difference. Open your hearts to your bountifulblessings.
让自己学会负责，对每一时刻，每个想法，每个细节。超越你内心的恐惧。识别出你所作的假设。展现你内在的能力。消除你内心的批判。修正你对于运气和成功的错误概念。接受自己的长处和短处，并清楚认识它们之间的区别。打开你的心扉去迎接对你满满的祝福。
Your fears, your critics, your heroes, yourvillains -- they are your excuses, rationalizations, shortcuts, justifications,your surrender. They are fictions you perceive as reality. Choose to seethrough them. Choose to let them go. You are the creator of your reality. Withthat empowerment comes complete responsibility.
你的恐惧，你的批判，你的英雄，你的敌人——他们都是你的借口、合理化作用、捷径、辩护、屈服。它们是你错认为现实的小说。尝试选择看穿它们。尝试让它们远离自己。你是自我现实的创造者。伴随这种权利而来的是你需要负起全部的责任。
I chose to step out of fear's tunnel intoterrain uncharted and undefined. I chose to build there a blessed life. Farfrom alone, I share my beautiful life with Dorothy, my beautiful wife, with ourtriplets, whom we call the Tripskys, and with the latest addition to thefamily, sweet baby Clementine.
我选择走出恐惧的隧道，步入了未知的领域。我选择在那里构建幸福的人生。远离孤单，我分享我的美好生活，与多萝西，我美丽的妻子，与我们的三胞胎，我们称之为“Tripskys”，还有新添的家庭成员，可爱的宝贝克莱蒙蒂。
What do you fear? What lies do you tellyourself? How do you embellish your truth and write your own fictions? Whatreality are you creating for yourself?
你在害怕什么?你在欺骗自己什么?你是如何修饰自己的真相，编写自己的小说?你在为自己创造着怎么样的现实?
In your career and personal life, in yourrelationships, and in your heart and soul, your backwards-swimming fish do yougreat harm. They exact a toll in missed opportunities and unrealized potential,and they engender insecurity and distrust where you seek fulfillment andconnection. I urge you to search them out.
在你的职业生涯和个人生活中，在你的人际关系中，在你的内心和灵魂中，倒游的鱼给你带来巨大的伤害。它们使你为错失的机会以及尚未实现的潜能付出代价。它们在你寻求满足与联系时引起你的不安以及不信任。我呼吁大家把它们找出来。
Helen Keller said that the only thing worsethan being blind is having sight but no vision. For me, going blind was aprofound blessing, because blindness gave me vision. I hope you can see what Isee.
海伦·凯勒曾说过，唯一比失明更糟糕的是拥有视力，却没有远见。失明对我来说是一种深深的祝福，因为失明给予了我远见。我衷心希望你们也能看见我所看见的。
Thank you.(Applause)
谢谢。(掌声)
Bruno Giussani: Isaac, before you leave thestage, just a question. This is an audience of entrepreneurs, of doers, ofinnovators. You are a CEO of a company down in Florida, and many are probablywondering, how is it to be a blind CEO? What kind of specific challenges do youhave, and how do you overcome them?
布鲁诺·朱萨尼：艾萨克，在你离开之前，我想问一个问题。在座的各位都是创业者、实干家、创新者。你是佛罗里达一家公司的执行总裁，很多人大概都会好奇，身为一名失明的执行总裁究竟是怎么样的呢?这使你面临哪些具体的挑战，而你又是怎么克服它们的呢?
Isaac Lidsky: Well, the biggest challengebecame a blessing. I don't get visual feedback from people.
艾萨克·利德斯基：好吧，最大的挑战成了一种祝福。我看不到别人的反应。
BG: What's that noise there? IL: Yeah. So,for example, in my leadership team meetings, I don't see facial expressions orgestures. I've learned to solicit a lot more verbal feedback. I basically forcepeople to tell me what they think. And in this respect, it's become, like Isaid, a real blessing for me personally and for my company, because wecommunicate at a far deeper level, we avoid ambiguities, and most important, myteam knows that what they think truly matters.
布：有什么声音在哪里吗?艾：是的。比如说在我的领导团队的会议中，我无法看到别人的表情或者手势。我学会去征求更多的言语反馈。我基本都要求人们把他们的想法告诉我。正因如此，它成为了，如我所说，对我个人还有我公司的一种真正的祝福。因为我们获得了更深层次的沟通。我们避免了歧义，还有更重要的，我的团队清楚知道他们的想法是真的要紧的。
BG: Isaac, thank you for coming to TED. IL:Thank you, Bruno.
布：艾萨克，感谢你来到了TED。艾：谢谢你，布鲁诺。
Do you think it's possible to control someone's attention? Even more than that, what about predicting human behavior? I think those are interesting ideas, if you could. I mean, for me, that would be the perfect superpower, actually kind of an evil way of approaching it. But for myself, in the past, I've spent the last 20 years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way: picking pockets. When we think of misdirection, we think of something as looking off to the side, when actually it's often the things that are right in front of us that are the hardest things to see, the things that you look at every day that you're blinded to.
For example, how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now? Great. Double-check. Make sure you still have them on you. I was doing some shopping beforehand. Now you've looked at them probably a few times today, but I'm going to ask you a question about them. Without looking at your cell phone directly yet, can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner? Bring them out, check, and see how accurate you were. How'd you do? Show of hands. Did we get it?
Now that you're done looking at those, close them down, because every phone has something in common. No matter how you organize the icons, you still have a clock on the front. So, without looking at your phone, what time was it? You just looked at your clock, right? It's an interesting idea. Now, I'll ask you to take that a step further with a game of trust. Close your eyes. I realize I'm asking you to do that while you just heard there's a pickpocket in the room, but close your eyes.
Now, you've been watching me for about 30 seconds. With your eyes closed, what am I wearing? Make your best guess. What color is my shirt? What color is my tie? Now open your eyes. By a show of hands, were you right?
It's interesting, isn't it? Some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others. It seems that way. But I have a different theory about that, that model of attention. They have fancy models of attention, Posner's trinity model of attention. For me, I like to think of it very simple, like a surveillance system. It's kind of like you have all these fancy sensors, and inside your brain is a little security guard. For me, I like to call him Frank. So Frank is sitting at a desk. He's got all sorts of cool information in front of him, high-tech equipment, he's got cameras, he's got a little phone that he can pick up, listen to the ears, all these senses, all these perceptions. But attention is what steers your perceptions, is what controls your reality. It's the gateway to the mind. If you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it. But ironically, you can attend to something without being aware of it. That's why there's the cocktail effect: When you're in a party, you're having conversations with someone, and yet you can recognize your name and you didn't even realize you were listening to that.
Now, for my job, I have to play with techniques to exploit this, to play with your attention as a limited resource. So if I could control how you spend your attention, if I could maybe steal your attention through a distraction. Now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead, what I choose to focus on is Frank, to be able to play with the Frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you, instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. So if I ask you to access a memory, like, what is that? What just happened? Do you have a wallet? Do you have an American Express in your wallet? And when I do that, your Frank turns around. He accesses the file. He has to rewind the tape. And what's interesting is, he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data.
Now, I mean, this sounds like a good theory, but I could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things, and they may be true, a portion of them, but I think it's better if I tried to show that to you here live. So if I come down, I'm going to do a little bit of shopping. Just hold still where you are.
Hello, how are you? It's lovely to see you. You did a wonderful job onstage. You have a lovely watch that doesn't come off very well. Do you have your ring as well? Good. Just taking inventory. You're like a buffet. It's hard to tell where to start, there's so many great things.
Hi, how are you? Good to see you.
Hi, sir, could you stand up for me, please? Just right where you are. Oh, you're married. You follow directions well. That's nice to meet you, sir. You don't have a whole lot inside your pockets. Anything down by the pocket over here? Hopefully so. Have a seat. There you go. You're doing well.
How many of you are tired of seeingcelebrities adopting kids from the African continent?
你们之中有多少人已经对那些从非洲领养小孩的明星而感到厌倦了?
Well, it's not all that bad. I was adopted.I grew up in rural Uganda, lost both my parents when I was very, very young.And when my parents passed, I experienced all the negative effects of poverty,from homelessness, eating out of trash piles, you name it.
嗯，那也不全是坏事。我就是被其中领养的一员。我在乌干达的郊区长大，在我很小的时候，我的父母就去世了。在我父母离世之后，我经历了所有贫困带来的困难，从无家可归，到捡食路边的垃圾，所有你能想得到的。
But my life changed when I got acceptedinto an orphanage. Through one of those sponsor-an-orphan programs, I wassponsored and given an opportunity to acquire an education. I started off inUganda. I went through school, and the way this particular program worked, youfinished high school and after high school, you go learn a trade -- to become acarpenter, a mechanic or something along those lines.
但自从我被一家孤儿院收养 我的生活就发生了巨变。通过孤儿院的一个补助项目，我获得了接受教育的机会，以及相应的资助。一开始是在乌干达。我去了学校念书，而根据这个项目的运作流程，他们会在你读完高中以后，送你去学一门手艺，比如木匠，或者机修工或者其他的一些专业技术。
My case was a little different. The sponsorfamily that was sending these 25 dollars a month to this orphanage to sponsorme, which -- I had never met them -- said, "Well ... we would like to sendyou to college instead." Oh -- it gets better.
而我的情况却有所不同。每个月我会在孤儿院收到25美元补助。这钱来自资助我的家庭，我从未见过他们他们说，“我们希望资助你去上大学” 哦，那再好不过了。
And they said, "If you get thepaperwork, we'll send you to school in America instead." So with theirhelp, I went to the embassy and applied for the visa. I got the visa.
他们还说：“如果你能通过申请 我们会把你送到美国的大学读书。“ 所以，在他们的帮助下，我去大使馆申请了签证。并且通过了签证。
I remember this day like it was yesterday.I walked out of the embassy with this piece of paper in my hand, a hop in mystep, smile on my face, knowing that my life is about to change. I went homethat night, and I slept with my passport, because I was afraid that someonemight steal it.
那一天对我来说就像昨天一样。我拿着手里的文件走出大使馆，一路蹦跳，难掩笑意，我明白我的生活将不复从前。那天晚上我回到家里，抱着我的护照睡着了，因为我担心有人会把它偷走。
I couldn't fall asleep. I kept feeling it.I had a good idea for security. I was like, "OK, I'm going to put it in aplastic bag, and take it outside and dig a hole, and put it in there." Idid that, went back in the house. I could not fall asleep. I was like,"Maybe someone saw me." I went back --
而我辗转反侧。那念头依然挥之不去。我突然想到了一个万全的主意。我说：”好吧，我可以把它放进一个塑料袋里然后在外面地上挖一个洞，把袋子放进去。” 我真的做了，然后又回到屋子里。但我依然无眠，我想，“也许有人看到我了。” 我又回去了
I pulled it out, and I put it with me theentire night -- all to say that it was an anxiety-filled night.
我把袋子拿出来，然后抓着它度过了一宿 我只想说那真是焦虑的一晚。
Going to the US was, just like anotherspeaker said, was my first time to see a plane, be on one, let alone sit on itto fly to another country. December 15, 20xx. 7:08pm. I sat in seat 7A. FlyEmirates. One of the most gorgeous, beautiful women I've ever seen walked up,red little hat with a white veil. I'm looking terrified, I have no idea whatI'm doing. She hands me this warm towel -- warm, steamy, snow white. I'mlooking at this warm towel; I don't know what to do with my life, let alonewith this damn towel --
来到美国的感受，和其他初来乍到的人一样 那是我第一次坐飞机，坐在座位上，飞向另一个国家。20xx年12月15日 晚上7点08分 我坐在7A座位上。乘坐阿联酋航班。一个我有生以来见过的最美的女人朝我走来，她戴着红色的帽子和白色的口罩。我真的吓坏了，我简直手足无措。她递给我一张温热的纸巾 温暖，湿润，白净如雪。我盯着这张温暖的纸巾; 我都不知道我该拿我的生活怎么办，更别说这张纸巾了
I did one of the -- you know, anythinganyone could do in that situation: look around, see what everyone else isdoing. I did the same. Mind you, I drove about seven hours from my village tothe airport that day. So I grab this warm towel, wipe my face just likeeveryone else is doing, I look at it -- damn.
我做了一件——你懂的，任何人都会做的事：我环顾四周，看其他人的举动。然后我也跟着他们做。顺便一提，从村子到机场，那一天我开了7个小时的车。所以我拿起那张温暖的纸，效仿着别人擦拭了自己的脸，我看了看纸巾——该死。
It was all dirt brown.I remember being so embarrassed that whenshe came by to pick it up, I didn't give mine.I still have it.
已经变成屎黄色了。我记得我是那么的尴尬，以至于当她来回收纸巾的时候，我没好意思给她。我现在都还带着它。
Going to America opened doors for me tolive up to my full God-given potential. I remember when I arrived, the sponsorfamily embraced me, and they literally had to teach me everything from scratch:this is a microwave, that's a refrigerator -- things I'd never seen before. Andit was also the first time I got immersed into a new and different culture.These strangers showed me true love. These strangers showed me that I mattered,that my dreams mattered.Thank you.
美国向我敞开了大门让我能够发挥自己最大的潜力。我记得我刚到的时候，我的资助家庭迎接了我，然后他们就把一切从头开始教给我：这是一个微波炉，那是一个冰箱——那些都是我以前闻所未闻的东西。那也是我第一次 被放置在全新的文化环境当中。这些陌生人向我展示了真正的关爱。这些陌生人让我明白，我很重要 我的梦想很重要。谢谢。
These individuals had two of their ownbiological children. And when I came in, I had needs. They had to teach meEnglish, teach me literally everything, which resulted in them spending a lotof time with me. And that created a little bit of jealousy with their children.So, if you're a parent in this room, and you have those teenager children whodon't want anything to do with your love and affection -- in fact, they find itrepulsive -- I got a solution: adopt a child.
他们有两个亲生孩子。当我走进他们家庭的时候，我急需帮助。他们要教我英文，教我几乎所有的事情，这导致他们要在我的身上 花费很多的精力。而这致使他们的亲生孩子对我产生了一丝妒忌。所以，如果你们有人是家长，而你又有这样一群青少年小孩 他们对你们的爱和关心置若罔闻 事实上，还对你们很冷淡 我有一个办法： 领养一个孩子。
It will solve the problem.
问题就会迎刃而解。
I went on to acquire two engineeringdegrees from one of the best institutions in the world. I've got to tell you:talent is universal, but opportunities are not. And I credit this to theindividuals who embrace multiculturalism, love, empathy and compassion forothers. We live in a world filled with hate: building walls, Brexit, xenophobiahere on the African continent. Multiculturalism can be an answer to many ofthese worst human qualities.
在一所世界一流学府中 我习得了两个工程师学位。我必须要说： 天赋人人都有，但机会一缘难求。我想要赞美 那些拥抱多元文化的人，那些关爱，理解并且同情他人的人。我们生活在一个充满憎恨的世界上：高筑围墙，英国脱欧，非洲大陆的仇外心理。而这些人类最负面的东西 都可以被多元文化海涵。
Today, I challenge you to help a youngchild experience multiculturalism. I guarantee you that will enrich their life,and in turn, it will enrich yours. And as a bonus, one of them may even give aTED Talk.
今天，我挑战你们在座的观众们 去帮助一个年轻的孩子 感受多元文化的魅力。我保证那会充实他的生活，作为回报，你们的生活也会得到升华。而作为奖励，他们其中之一也许还会在TED演讲。
We may not be able to solve the bigotry andthe racism of this world today, but certainly we can raise children to create apositive, inclusive, connected world full of empathy, love and compassion.
我们也许无力解决 当今社会的种族歧视与偏见，但我们完全可以引导我们的孩子 去创建一个积极的，包容的，紧密相连的世界。那里将充满理解，关爱，同情。
Love wins.Thank you.
真爱无敌。谢谢
Over the next five minutes, my intention is to transform your relationship with sound. Let me start with the observation that most of the sound around us is accidental, and much of it is unpleasant. (Traffic noise) We stand on street corners, shouting over noise like this, and pretending that it doesn't exist. Well, this habit of suppressing sound has meant that our relationship with sound has become largely unconscious.
There are four major ways sound is affecting you all the time, and I'd like to raise them in your consciousness today. First is physiological. (Loud alarm clocks) Sorry about that. I've just given you a shot of cortisol, your fight/flight hormone. Sounds are affecting your hormone secretions all the time, but also your breathing, your heart rate -- which I just also did -- and your brainwaves.
It's not just unpleasant sounds like that that do it. This is surf. (Ocean waves) It has the frequency of roughly 12 cycles per minute. Most people find that very soothing, and, interestingly, 12 cycles per minute is roughly the frequency of the breathing of a sleeping human. There is a deep resonance with being at rest. We also associate it with being stress-free and on holiday.
The second way in which sound affects you is psychological. Music is the most powerful form of sound that we know that affects our emotional state. (Albinoni's Adagio) This is guaranteed to make most of you feel pretty sad if I leave it on. Music is not the only kind of sound, however, which affects your emotions.
Natural sound can do that too. Birdsong, for example, is a sound which most people find reassuring. (Birds chirping) There is a reason for that. Over hundreds of thousands of years we've learned that when the birds are singing, things are safe. It's when they stop you need to be worried.
The third way in which sound affects you is cognitively. You can't understand two people talking at once ("If you're listening to this version of") ("me you're on the wrong track.") or in this case one person talking twice. Try and listen to the other one. ("You have to choose which me you're going to listen to.")
We have a very small amount of bandwidth for processing auditory input, which is why noise like this -- (Office noise) -- is extremely damaging for productivity. If you have to work in an open-plan office like this, your productivity is greatly reduced. And whatever number you're thinking of, it probably isn't as bad as this. (Ominous music) You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms. And I have a tip for you. If you have to work in spaces like that, carry headphones with you, with a soothing sound like birdsong. Put them on and your productivity goes back up to triple what it would be.
The fourth way in which sound affects us is behaviorally. With all that other stuff going on, it would be amazing if our behavior didn't change. (Techno music inside a car) So, ask yourself: Is this person ever going to drive at a steady 28 miles per hour? I don't think so. At the simplest, you move away from unpleasant sound and towards pleasant sounds. So if I were to play this -- (Jackhammer) -- for more than a few seconds, you'd feel uncomfortable; for more than a few minutes, you'd be leaving the room in droves. For people who can't get away from noise like that, it's extremely damaging for their health.
And that's not the only thing that bad sound damages. Most retail sound is inappropriate and accidental, and even hostile, and it has a dramatic effect on sales. For those of you who are retailers, you may want to look away before I show this slide. They are losing up to 30 percent of their business with people leaving shops faster, or just turning around on the door. We all have done it, leaving the area because the sound in there is so dreadful.
I want to spend just a moment talking about the model that we've developed, which allows us to start at the top and look at the drivers of sound, analyze the soundscape and then predict the four outcomes I've just talked about. Or start at the bottom, and say what outcomes do we want, and then design a soundscape to have a desired effect. At last we've got some science we can apply. And we're in the business of designing soundscapes.
Just a word on music. Music is the most powerful sound there is, often inappropriately deployed. It's powerful for two reasons. You recognize it fast, and you associate it very powerfully. I'll give you two examples. (First chord of The Beatles' "A Hard Day's Night") Most of you recognize that immediately. The younger, maybe not. (Laughter) (First two notes of "Jaws" theme) And most of you associate that with something! Now, those are one-second samples of music. Music is very powerful. And unfortunately it's veneering commercial spaces, often inappropriately. I hope that's going to change over the next few years.
however, fraternal love is not stable. being away for too a long time, losing all common benefits, friends will become estranged. once their interest has changed, they no longer understand each other, and even this would harm friendship. at all times and in all countries, many close friends and battle companions who once worked together and fought together became enemies in the end. quiet a few of the emperors in ancient china even killed those who had helped them found their dynasties. the taiping heavenly kingdom would not have failed if it hadn't been for the contending and massacring among the those who first rose in rebellion at the beginning of the uprising. what else we need to pay attention to is that some friends, after being away from each other for too long a time, have lost so much of their original characters that when meeting again, you will feel that you are still the same as you were, while they are no longer themselves. they may have the same feeling about you, so sometimes it's better not to meet each other again. as the chinese proverb goes “friendship can not last for three years and flowers can not stay in blossom for three months”.it's not so easy to maintain real friendship which needs mutual understanding, tolerance and sacrifice. any kinds of harsh treatment will damage friendship.
我选择在网络声中被倒下就在网络声中爬起来，当你被骂得小有名气的时候我就暗自思量，反正也是挨骂，不如用最积极的方式迎接骂声。20__年3月3日，我在微博上面发出了一条名为"爱的骂骂"的微博，只要在我这条微博下面留言的，，不管是鼓励我的，骂我的，还是随便说说的，我都捐五毛，24个小时，有十万多条留言，捐款金额是50693.5元，作为北京一家残疾孤儿康复机构的手术费，在这里我要对每一位留言的人表示感谢。
在现实生活中顽强活着的残疾孤儿，其中有一个孩子在手术后的一年，终于有机会可以站起来了，当我看到她第一次站起，我很感动，也很骄傲，这个"黑姑娘"干了一件痛快的事。是的，我说出了金额，我知道一定会有人说，"捐那么少还好意思报数"我相信现在大部分人都不愿意公布捐款金额，因为捐款已经不再是一件随心的行为，而是成为大家根据金额的多少来衡量爱心的大小。
我相信在座的的各位，也一定有过朋友之间随份子，该给多少才合适的烦恼，我之所以说出来，不仅仅是因为，我觉得随心的行为需要躲闪，更因为"爱的骂骂"是每一个留言的镜子。当时骂过我的人，也许在两年后的今天听到我说这番话，会想起曾经不太善意的留言，却给了这些孩子们有机会获得新生，这同样值得高兴，其实我们每个人都有不同阶段的新生，不是吗?"爱的骂骂"发出那一刻，我如重生般释然了，虽然，我不像很多演员那样，拥有令人赞叹的表演才华，自己也觉得不是天生吃这碗饭的，但是既然选择了演员这份职业，我相信只要通过自己的努力和善待他人，就可以让自己的家人和自己过上幸福美满的生活，然而这一切，在20__年的夏天，被一句开创演艺界网络暴力先河的"滚出娱乐圈"所动摇，我是第一个被放在主语位置的人，袁姗姗，这个名字好像从此和"一无是处"划上了等号，那个时候不管说什么、做什么、演什么都不对。更有媒体总结了"袁姗姗不被观众所喜欢的五大理由"第一条理由是"没有理由"这是得有多深厚的感情基础，才能达到的境界。
20__年确实挺让人操心的，从春天到夏天，都没有平静过，一开始我也有些懊恼，不知道到底发生了什么，我既没有不劳而获，也没有做伤天害理的事，为什么让我"滚"?没多久，我想明白一个道理，谁都可以说我不好，但是自己必须接纳那个心安理得的自己，既然我的演艺生涯要从倒数开始，那我之后的每一点进步都是充满喜悦，从零分到六十分比从满分到六十分，哪个更让人开心呢?
也是从那个时候，我重拾扔下了多年的小提琴，还有健身，运动让我心情愉快，不工作的时候练琴和健身会让我的每一天都过得很充实，根本没有过多的时间停留在网上，更顾不上网友的围观。
我建议那些沉迷于网络的年轻人，每天可以挤出一点时间锻炼身体，当有朝一日被他人欺负的时候，至少可以像我一样，身轻如燕，自由翻滚，作为过去也许将来还会遭遇网络暴力的过来人，我不喜欢再有人因为网络暴力而受到伤害，请善用语言让人言可敬。
特别感谢在那段特殊时间陪伴，我的家人和朋友，感谢他们承受住了一个当时还没有来得及减肥，各方面份量都很重的我，经历了这些，并不是想说明自己有多强大，但确实因为这些切身经历让我有了足够的时间去思考，我曾经问过自己一个问题，如果我当时真的不堪重负放弃了演员这个职业，是否网络暴力就会消失，答案当然不会，既然还是要面对，就应该积极地面对.
前不久，我参与了一部公益电影的拍摄，电影传递了一个非常积极的理念：每个人都有自由选择的机会和权利，无论你生下来是幸福的还是不幸的，我非常赞同，所以我选择做一个积极快乐的自己，不再受控于网络暴力中，不再只能看到消极的一面，都说做公益是在帮助他人，在我身上成全了一个更加快乐的自己，电影的名字叫《有一天》我想在这里特别推荐一下，虽然我只参演了电影的一部分，但也给我带来很多启发和感动，这部电影关注了九类特殊儿童群体，我参与拍摄的故事和聋哑儿童有关，跟我一起搭档演出的也是一名聋哑儿童，拍摄之前，我还有些顾虑，我不知道该怎么去跟他交流，我担心因为自己不小心的举动伤害到他，但是见面之后，我才发现成年人的世界真的是，因为想太多而变得复杂，只要我们保持一颗平常的心，用平等的方式去交流，就不会存在特别的障碍，重要的是你怎么看，而不是他怎么想，拍摄的那几天，我平静而快乐，每当完成一个镜头，这个小少年都会跟我竖起大拇指示意，他这个小小的举动也提醒了我和我们，有人选择赞美，有人则不!
感谢"爱的骂骂"感谢《有一天》感谢喝倒彩时刻提醒我的人，感谢一直鼓励我的家人和朋友，我希望能有更多的人
可以像我一样，主动地从逆境中走出来，这个世界还有很多需要我们关心的事去做，需要我们关心的人去爱，保持自己的真实，倔强地活下去。
I choose in network sound by the fall on the climb up the network sound, when you get it a little famous I thought, it is better to meet with scolded, condemning the most positive way. In March 3, 20__, I issued a "love mama" micro-blog on micro-blog, as long as in my micro-blog comments below, and whether it is encouraging me, scold me, or casual, I donated 50 Fen, 24 hours, more than 100 thousand message, the donation amount is 50693.5 yuan, as a Beijing disabled orphans surgery rehabilitation institutions, here I want to every message thank you.
In real life, live strong disabled orphans, one child in a year after operation, finally have the opportunity to stand up, when I saw her for the first time to stand up, I was very moved, very proud of this "black girl" did a good thing. Yes, I say the amount I know some people will say, "donate so little Weasley off" I believe now that most people are not willing to publish the donation amount, because the donation is no longer a heart of behavior, but we become according to the amount to measure how much the size of love.
I believe all of you, there must have been friends with the elements, how much is appropriate trouble, I say, not just because I feel heart behavior need to dodge, but also because "love mama is a mirror of the message. When scolded me, maybe two years later to hear me say these words, will remember not too good message, gave the children a chance, this is happy, in fact, we each have a different stage of the new, not love mama? From that moment, I like reborn as relieved, though, I like a lot of actors that have admirable acting talent, feel not born to eat a bowl of rice, but since the choice of the actors of this occupation, I believe that through their own efforts and be kind to others, you can make your own family. And they live a happy life, but all of this, in the summer of 20__, was a pioneering shake showbiz network violence first get out of entertainment, I was the first one to be placed in the subject position of people, Yuan Shanshan, this name seems to be from "Nothing is right." sign, at that time no matter what to say, what to do, what's wrong. More media summed up the Yuan Shanshan is not the audience like the five reasons, the first reason is that there is no reason, this is a more profound emotional foundation, in order to achieve the realm.
20__ is really a worry, from spring to summer, are not calm, I also started a little vexed, don't know what happened, I have neither something for nothing, nor do wicked things, why let me roll? Not long, I want to understand a truth, who can say I'm not good, but he must accept that comfort myself, since my career is going to start from the bottom, every bit of progress that I later are full of joy, from zero to sixty from out to sixty points, which make people happy?
From that time, I regain dropped years of violin, and fitness, exercise makes me feel good, and practicing fitness will let me every day to the fullest when not working, there is not too much time on the Internet, no more friends in the crowd.
I suggest young people who are addicted to the Internet, every day can squeeze a little time to exercise, when some day in the future is bullied, at least you can like me, shenqingruyan, free rolling, as past, perhaps the future will encounter the network violence over, I don't love hurt because the network violence again, please use let the other person worthy of language.
Special thanks to the company at that period of time, my family and friends, thank them to withstand a time yet to lose weight, the weight is very heavy for me, these experiences, and not to show how powerful you are, but because these experiences let me have enough time to think and I asked you a question, if I was really overwhelmed abandoned actor in this occupation, whether the network violence will disappear, of course not, since still have to face, should actively face.
Not long ago, I participated in a charity film, the film has a very positive philosophy: everyone has the freedom to choose the right and opportunity, whether it is happy or not you born, I agree very much, so I choose to be a positive and happy self, no longer controlled by the network of violence, not only see the negative side, say to do charity is to help other people, in my body into a more happy, the name of the movie called "one day" here I would like to recommend a special, although I only made a part of the film, but also to I brought a lot of inspiration and moved, the film focused on nine classes of special groups of children, I participated in the filming of the story and deaf children, together with my partner before the show is also a deaf children, shooting, I still have some Worry, I do not know how to communicate with him, I am worried because you accidentally move to hurt him, but after the meeting, I found that the adult world is really too much, because I want to become more complex, as long as we keep a normal heart, with equal way to communicate, do not there are particular obstacles, it is important how you see, rather than what he thinks, that a few days of shooting, I am calm and happy, whenever a lens, the boy will tell me the thumbs up sign, he this small action also remind me and us, some people choose to have praise. People are not!
Thank you love mama for "one day" to remind me of the boos, thank you always encourage my family and friends, I hope to have more people
Can be like me, take the initiative to come out from the face of adversity, the world there are many things we need to do to do, we need to care about people to love, to maintain their true, stubborn to live.
When you are a kid, you get asked this one particular question a lot, it really gets kind of annoying. What do you want to be when you grow up? Now, adults are hoping for answers like, I want to be an astronaut or I want to be a neurosurgeon, you’re adults in your imaginations.
Kids, they’re most likely to answer with pro-skateboarder, surfer or minecraft player. I asked my little brother, and he said, seriously dude, I’m 10, I have no idea, probably a pro-skier, let’s go get some ice cream.
See, us kids are going to answer something we’re stoked on, what we think is cool, what we have experience with, and that’s typically the opposite of what adults want to hear.
But if you ask a little kid, sometimes you’ll get the best answer, something so simple, so obvious and really profound. When I grow up, I want to be happy.
For me, when I grow up, I want to continue to be happy like I am now. I’m stoked to be here at TedEx, I mean, I’ve been watching Ted videos for as long as I can remember, but I never thought I’d make it on the stage here so soon. I mean, I just became a teenager, and like most teenage boys, I spend most of my time wondering, how did my room get so messy all on its own.
Did I take a shower today? And the most perplexing of all, how do I get girls to like me? Neurosciences say that the teenage brain is pretty weird, our prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped, but we actually have more neurons than adults, which is why we can be so creative, and impulsive and moody and get bummed out.
But what bums me out is to know that, a lot of kids today are just wishing to be happy, to be healthy, to be safe, not bullied, and be loved for who they are. So it seems to me when adults say, what do you want to be when you grow up? They just assume that you’ll automatically be happy and healthy.
Well, maybe that’s not the case, go to school, go to college, get a job, get married, boom, then you’ll be happy, right? You don’t seem to make learning how to be happy and healthy a priority in our schools, it’s separate from schools. And for some kids, it doesn’t exists at all? But what if we didn’t make it separate? What if we based education on the study and practice of being happy and healthy, because that’s what it is, a practice, and a simple practice at that?
Education is important, but why is being happy and healthy not considered education, I just don’t get it. So I’ve been studying the science of being happy and healthy. It really comes down to practicing these eight things. Exercise, diet and nutrition, time in nature, contribution, service to others, relationships, recreation, relaxation and stress management, and religious or spiritual involvement, yes, got that one.
So these eight things come from Dr. Roger Walsh, he calls them Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes or TLCs for short. He is a scientist that studies how to be happy and healthy. In researching this talk, I got a chance to ask him a few questions like; do you think that our schools today are making these eight TLCs a priority? His response was no surprise, it was essentially no. But he did say that many people do try to get this kind of education outside of the traditional arena, through reading and practices such as meditation or yoga.
But what I thought was his best response was that, much of education is oriented for better or worse towards making a living rather than making a life.
In 20__, Sir Ken Robinson gave the most popular Ted talk of all time. Schools kill creativity. His message is that creativity is as important as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
A lot of parents watched those videos, some of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized I’m part of this small, but growing revolution of kids who are going about their education differently, and you know what? It freaks a lot of people out.
Even though I was only nine, when my parents pulled me out of the school system, I can still remember my mom being in tears when some of her friends told her she was crazy and it was a stupid idea.
Looking back, I’m thankful she didn’t cave to peer pressure, and I think she is too. So, out of the 200 million people that have watched Sir Ken Robinson’s talk, why aren’t there more kids like me out there?
Shane McConkey is my hero. I loved him because he was the world’s best skier. But then, one day I realized what I really loved about Shane, he was a hacker. Not a computer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing what it is today, and why I love to ski. A lot of people think of hackers as geeky computer nerds who live in their parent’s basement and spread computer viruses, but I don’t see it that way.
When I was nine years old I went off to summer camp for the first time。 And my mother packed me a suitcase full of books， which to me seemed like a perfectly natural thing to do。 Because in my family， reading was the primary group activity。 And this might sound antisocial to you， but for us it was really just a different way of being social。 You have the animal warmth of your family sitting right next to you， but you are also free to go roaming around the adventureland inside your own mind。 And I had this idea that camp was going to be just like this， but better。 （Laughter） I had a vision of 10 girls sitting in a cabin cozily reading books in their matching nightgowns。
当我九岁的时候 我第一次去参加夏令营 我妈妈帮我整理好了我的行李箱 里面塞满了书 这对于我来说是一件极为自然的事情 因为在我的家庭里 阅读是主要的家庭活动 听上去你们可能觉得我们是不爱交际的 但是对于我的家庭来说这真的只是接触社会的另一种途径 你们有自己家庭接触时的温暖亲情 家人静坐在你身边 但是你也可以自由地漫游 在你思维深处的冒险乐园里我有一个想法 野营会变得像这样子，当然要更好些 （笑声） 我想象到十个女孩坐在一个小屋里 都穿着合身的女式睡衣惬意地享受着读书的过程
（Laughter）
（笑声）
Camp was more like a keg party without any alcohol。 And on the very first day our counselor gathered us all together and she taught us a cheer that she said we would be doing every day for the rest of the summer to instill camp spirit。 And it went like this： "R—O—W—D—I—E， that's the way we spell rowdie。 Rowdie， rowdie， let's get rowdie。" Yeah。 So I couldn't figure out for the life of me why we were supposed to be so rowdy， or why we had to spell this word incorrectly。 （Laughter） But I recited a cheer。 I recited a cheer along with everybody else。 I did my best。 And I just waited for the time that I could go off and read my books。
野营这时更像是一个不提供酒水的派对聚会 在第一天的时候呢 我们的顾问把我们都集合在一起 并且她教会了我们一种今后要用到的庆祝方式 在余下夏令营的每一天中 让“露营精神”浸润我们 之后它就像这样继续着 R—O—W—D—I—E 这是我们拼写“吵闹"的口号 我们唱着“噪音，喧闹，我们要变得吵一点” 对，就是这样 可我就是弄不明白我的生活会是什么样的 为什么我们变得这么吵闹粗暴 或者为什么我们非要把这个单词错误地拼写 （笑声） 但是我可没有忘记庆祝。我与每个人都互相欢呼庆祝了 我尽了我最大的努力 我只是想等待那一刻 我可以离开吵闹的聚会去捧起我挚爱的书
But the first time that I took my book out of my suitcase， the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and she asked me， "Why are you being so mellow？" —— mellow， of course， being the exact opposite of R—O—W—D—I—E。 And then the second time I tried it， the counselor came up to me with a concerned expression on her face and she repeated the point about camp spirit and said we should all work very hard to be outgoing。
但是当我第一次把书从行李箱中拿出来的时候 床铺中最酷的那个女孩向我走了过来 并且她问我：“为什么你要这么安静？” 安静，当然，是R—O—W—D—I—E的反义词 “喧闹”的反义词 而当我第二次拿书的时候 我们的顾问满脸忧虑的向我走了过来 接着她重复了关于“露营精神”的要点并且说我们都应当努力 去变得外向些
And so I put my books away， back in their suitcase， and I put them under my bed， and there they stayed for the rest of the summer。 And I felt kind of guilty about this。 I felt as if the books needed me somehow， and they were calling out to me and I was forsaking them。But I did forsake them and I didn't open that suitcase again until I was back home with my family at the end of the summer。
于是我放好我的书 放回了属于它们的行李箱中 并且我把它们放到了床底下 在那里它们度过了暑假余下的每一天 我对这样做感到很愧疚 不知为什么我感觉这些书是需要我的 它们在呼唤我，但是我却放弃了它们 我确实放下了它们，并且我再也没有打开那个箱子 直到我和我的家人一起回到家中 在夏末的时候
Now， I tell you this story about summer camp。 I could have told you 50 others just like it ——all the times that I got the message that somehow my quiet and introverted style of beingwas not necessarily the right way to go， that I should be trying to pass as more of an extrovert。 And I always sensed deep down that this was wrong and that introverts were pretty excellent just as they were。 But for years I denied this intuition， and so I became a Wall Street lawyer， of all things， instead of the writer that I had always longed to be —— partly because I needed to prove to myself that I could be bold and assertive too。 And I was always going off to crowded bars when I really would have preferred to just have a nice dinner with friends。 And I made these self—negating choices so reflexively， that I wasn't even aware that I was making them。
现在，我向你们讲述这个夏令营的故事 我完全可以给你们讲出其他50种版本就像这个一样的故事—— 每当我感觉到这样的时候 它告诉我出于某种原因，我的宁静和内向的风格 并不是正确道路上的必需品 我应该更多地尝试一个外向者的角色 而在我内心深处感觉得到，这是错误的内向的人们都是非常优秀的，确实是这样 但是许多年来我都否认了这种直觉 于是我首先成为了华尔街的一名律师 而不是我长久以来想要成为的一名作家 一部分原因是因为我想要证明自己 也可以变得勇敢而坚定 并且我总是去那些拥挤的酒吧 当我只是想要和朋友们吃一顿愉快的晚餐时 我做出了这些自我否认的抉择 如条件反射一般 甚至我都不清楚我做出了这些决定
Now this is what many introverts do， and it's our loss for sure， but it is also our colleagues' loss and our communities' loss。 And at the risk of sounding grandiose， it is the world's loss。 Because when it comes to creativity and to leadership， we need introverts doing what they do best。 A third to a half of the population are introverts —— a third to a half。 So that's one out of every two or three people you know。 So even if you're an extrovert yourself， I'm talking about your coworkers and your spouses and your childrenand the person sitting next to you right now —— all of them subject to this bias that is pretty deep and real in our society。 We all internalize it from a very early age without even having a language for what we're doing。
这就是很多内向的人正在做的事情 这当然是我们的损失 但这同样也是同事们的损失 我们所在团队集体的损失 当然，冒着被指为夸大其词的风险我想说，更是世界的损失 因为当涉及创造和领导的时候 我们需要内向的人做到最好 三分之一到二分之一的人都是内向的—— 三分之一到二分之一 你要知道这可意味着每两到三个人中就有一个内向的 所以即使你自己是一个外向的人 我正在说你的同事 和你的配偶和你的孩子 还有现在正坐在你旁边的那个家伙—— 他们都要屈从于这样的偏见 一种在我们的社会中已经扎根的现实偏见 我们从很小的时候就把它藏在内心最深处 甚至都不说几句话，关于我们正在做的事情。
Now to see the bias clearly you need to understand what introversion is。 It's different from being shy。 Shyness is about fear of social judgment。 Introversion is more about， how do you respond to stimulation， including social stimulation。 So extroverts really crave large amounts of stimulation， whereas introverts feel at their most alive and their most switched—on and their most capable when they're in quieter， more low—key environments。Not all the time —— these things aren't absolute —— but a lot of the time。 So the key then to maximizing our talents is for us all to put ourselves in the zone of stimulation that is right for us。
现在让我们来清楚地看待这种偏见 我们需要真正了解“内向”到底指什么 它和害羞是不同的 害羞是对于社会评论的恐惧 内向更多的是 你怎样对于刺激作出回应 包括来自社会的刺激 其实内向的人是很渴求大量的鼓舞和激励的 反之内向者最感觉到他们的存在 这是他们精力最充足的时候，最具有能力的时候 当他们存在于更安静的，更低调的环境中 并不是所有时候——这些事情都不是绝对的—— 但是存在于很多时候 所以说，关键在于 把我们的天赋发挥到最大化 这对于我们来说就足够把我们自己 放到对于我们正确又合适的激励的区域中去
But now here's where the bias comes in。 Our most important institutions， our schools and our workplaces， they are designed mostly for extroverts and for extroverts' need for lots of stimulation。 And also we have this belief system right now that I call the new groupthink，which holds that all creativity and all productivity comes from a very oddly gregarious place。
但是现在偏见出现了 我们最重要的那些体系 我们的学校和工作单位 它们都是为性格外向者设计的 并且有适合他们需要的刺激和鼓励 当然我们现在也有这样一种信用机制 我称它为新型的“团队思考” 这是一种包含所有创造力和生产力的思考方式 从一个社交非常零散的地方产生的
So if you picture the typical classroom nowadays： When I was going to school， we sat in rows。 We sat in rows of desks like this， and we did most of our work pretty autonomously。But nowadays， your typical classroom has pods of desks —— four or five or six or seven kids all facing each other。 And kids are working in countless group assignments。 Even in subjects like math and creative writing， which you think would depend on solo flights of thought， kids are now expected to act as committee members。 And for the kids who preferto go off by themselves or just to work alone， those kids are seen as outliers often or， worse， as problem cases。 And the vast majority of teachers reports believing that the ideal student is an extrovert as opposed to an introvert， even though introverts actually get better grades and are more knowledgeable， according to research。 （Laughter）
当你描绘今天典型教室的图案时 当我还上学的时候 我们一排排地坐着 我们靠着桌子一排排坐着就像这样 并且我们大多数工作都是自觉完成的 但是在现代社会，所谓典型的教室 是些圈起来并排的桌子—— 四个或是五个或是六、七个孩子坐在一起，面对面 孩子们要完成无数个小组任务 甚至像数学和创意写作这些课程 这些你们认为需要依靠个人闪光想法的课程 孩子们现在却被期待成为小组会的成员 对于那些喜欢 独处，或者自己一个人工作的孩子来说 这些孩子常常被视为局外人 或者更糟，被视为问题孩子 并且很大一部分老师的报告中都相信 最理想的学生应该是外向的 相对于内向的学生而言 甚至说外向的学生能够取得更好的成绩 更加博学多识据研究报道 （笑声）
Okay， same thing is true in our workplaces。 Now， most of us work in open plan offices，without walls， where we are subject to the constant noise and gaze of our coworkers。 And when it comes to leadership， introverts are routinely passed over for leadership positions，even though introverts tend to be very careful， much less likely to take outsize risks ——which is something we might all favor nowadays。 And interesting research by Adam Grant at the Wharton School has found that introverted leaders often deliver better outcomes than extroverts do， because when they are managing proactive employees， they're much more likely to let those employees run with their ideas， whereas an extrovert can， quite unwittingly， get so excited about things that they're putting their own stamp on things， and other people's ideas might not as easily then bubble up to the surface。
好了。同样的事情也发生在我们工作的地方 现在呢，我们中的绝大多数都工作在宽阔没有隔间的办公室里 甚至没有墙 在这里，我们暴露 在不断的噪音和我们同事的凝视目光下工作 而当谈及领袖气质的时候 内向的人总是按照惯例从领导的位置被忽视了 尽管内向的人是非常小心仔细的 很少去冒特大的风险—— 这些风险是今天我们可能都喜欢的 宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的亚当·格兰特教授做了一项很有意思的研究 这项研究表明内向的领导们 相对于外向领导而言总是会生产更大的效益 因为当他们管理主动积极的雇员的时候 他们更倾向于让有主见的雇员去自由发挥 反之外向的领导就可能，当然是不经意的 对于事情变得十分激动 他们在事务上有了自己想法的印迹 这使其他人的想法可能就不会很容易地 在舞台上发光了
Now in fact， some of our transformative leaders in history have been introverts。 I'll give you some examples。 Eleanor Roosevelt， Rosa Parks， Gandhi —— all these peopled described themselves as quiet and soft—spoken and even shy。 And they all took the spotlight， even though every bone in their bodies was telling them not to。 And this turns out to have a special power all its own， because people could feel that these leaders were at the helm，not because they enjoyed directing others and not out of the pleasure of being looked at;they were there because they had no choice， because they were driven to do what they thought was right。
事实上，历史上一些有改革能力的领袖都是内向的人 我会举一些例子给你们 埃莉诺·罗斯福，罗沙·帕克斯，甘地 —— 所有这些人都把自己描述成 内向，说话温柔甚至是害羞的人 他们仍然站在了聚光灯下 即使他们浑身上下 都感知他们说不要 这证明是一种属于它自身的特殊的力量因为人们都会感觉这些领导者同时是掌舵者 并不是因为他们喜欢指挥别人 抑或是享受众人目光的聚焦 他们处在那个位置因为他们没有选择 因为他们行驶在他们认为正确的道路上
Now I think at this point it's important for me to say that I actually love extroverts。 I always like to say some of my best friends are extroverts， including my beloved husband。 And we all fall at different points， of course， along the introvert/extrovert spectrum。 Even Carl Jung， the psychologist who first popularized these terms， said that there's no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert。 He said that such a man would be in a lunatic asylum， if he existed at all。 And some people fall smack in the middle of the introvert/extrovert spectrum， and we call these people ambiverts。 And I often think that they have the best of all worlds。 But many of us do recognize ourselves as one type or the other。
现在我觉得对于这点我有必要说 那就是我真的喜爱外向的人 我总是喜欢说我最好的几个朋友都是外向的人 包括我亲爱的丈夫 当然了我们都会在不同点时偏向 内向者/外向者的范围 甚至是卡尔·荣格，这个让这些名词为大众所熟知的心理学家，说道 世上绝没有一个纯粹的内向的人 或者一个纯粹的外向的人 他说这样的人会在精神病院里 如果他存在的话 还有一些人处在中间的迹象 在内向与外向之间 我们称这些人为“中向性格者” 并且我总是认为他们拥有世界最美好的一切 但是我们中的大多数总是认为自己属于内向或者外向，其中一类
And what I'm saying is that culturally we need a much better balance。 We need more of a yin and yang between these two types。 This is especially important when it comes to creativity and to productivity， because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people， what they find are people who are very good at exchanging ideas and advancing ideas， but who also have a serious streak of introversion in them。
同时我想说从文化意义上讲我们需要一种更好的平衡 我们需要更多的阴阳的平衡 在这两种类型的人之间 这点是极为重要的 当涉及创造力和生产力的时候 因为当心理学家们看待 最有创造力的人的生命的时候 他们寻找到的 是那些擅长变换思维的人 提出想法的人 但是他们同时也有着极为显著的偏内向的痕迹
And this is because solitude is a crucial ingredient often to creativity。 So Darwin， he took long walks alone in the woods and emphatically turned down dinner party invitations。Theodor Geisel， better known as Dr。 Seuss， he dreamed up many of his amazing creations in a lonely bell tower office that he had in the back of his house in La Jolla， California。 And he was actually afraid to meet the young children who read his books for fear that they were expecting him this kind of jolly Santa Claus—like figure and would be disappointed with his more reserved persona。 Steve Wozniak invented the first Apple computer sitting alone in his cubical in Hewlett—Packard where he was working at the time。 And he says that he never would have become such an expert in the first place had he not been too introverted to leave the house when he was growing up。
这是因为独处是非常关键的因素 对于创造力来说 所以达尔文 自己一个人漫步在小树林里 并且断然拒绝了晚餐派对的邀约 西奥多·盖索，更多时候以苏索博士的名号知名 他梦想过很多的惊人的创作 在他在加利福尼亚州拉霍亚市房子的后面的 一座孤独的束层的塔形办公室中 而且其实他很害怕见面 见那些读过他的书的年轻的孩子们 害怕他们会期待他 这样一位令人愉快的，圣诞老人形象的人物 同时又会因发现他含蓄缄默的性格而失望 史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克发明了第一台苹果电脑 一个人独自坐在他的机柜旁 在他当时工作的惠普公司 并且他说他永远不会在那方面成为一号专家 但他还没因太内向到要离开那里 那个他成长起来的地方
Now of course， this does not mean that we should all stop collaborating —— and case in point， is Steve Wozniak famously coming together with Steve Jobs to start Apple Computer —— but it does mean that solitude matters and that for some people it is the air that they breathe。 And in fact， we have known for centuries about the transcendent power of solitude。 It's only recently that we've strangely begun to forget it。 If you look at most of the world's major religions， you will find seekers —— Moses， Jesus， Buddha， Muhammad ——seekers who are going off by themselves alone to the wilderness where they then have profound epiphanies and revelations that they then bring back to the rest of the community。 So no wilderness， no revelations。
当然了 这并不意味着我们都应该停止合作—— 恰当的例子呢，是史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克和史蒂夫·乔布斯的著名联手 创建苹果电脑公司—— 但是这并不意味着和独处有重大关系 并且对于一些人来说 这是他们赖以呼吸生存的空气 事实上，几个世纪以来我们已经非常明白 独处的卓越力量只是到了最近，非常奇怪，我们开始遗忘它了 如果你看看世界上主要的宗教 你会发现探寻者—— 摩西，耶稣，佛祖，那些独身去探寻的人们 在大自然的旷野中独处，思索 在那里，他们有了深刻的顿悟和对于奥义的揭示 之后他们把这些思想带回到社会的其他地方去没有旷原，没有启示
This is no surprise though if you look at the insights of contemporary psychology。 It turns out that we can't even be in a group of people without instinctively mirroring， mimicking their opinions。 Even about seemingly personal and visceral things like who you're attracted to， you will start aping the beliefs of the people around you without even realizing that that's what you're doing。
尽管这并不令人惊讶 如果你注意到现代心理学的思想理论 它反映出来我们甚至不能和一组人待在一起 而不去本能地模仿他们的意见与想法 甚至是看上去私人的，发自内心的事情 像是你被谁所吸引 你会开始模仿你周围的人的信仰 甚至都觉察不到你自己在做什么
And groups famously follow the opinions of the most dominant or charismatic person in the room， even though there's zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas —— I mean zero。 So 。。。 （Laughter） You might be following the person with the best ideas， but you might not。 And do you really want to leave it up to chance？ Much better for everybody to go off by themselves， generate their own ideas freed from the distortions of group dynamics， and then come together as a team to talk them through in a well—managed environment and take it from there。
还曾跟随群体的意见 跟随着房间里最具有统治力的，最有领袖气质的人的思路 虽然这真的没什么关系 在成为一个卓越的演讲家还是拥有最好的主意之间—— 我的意思是“零相关” 那么。。。（笑声） 你们或许会跟随有最好头脑的人 但是你们也许不会 可你们真的想把这机会扔掉吗？如果每个人都自己行动或许好得多 发掘他们自己的想法 没有群体动力学的曲解 接着来到一起组成一个团队 在一个良好管理的环境中互相交流 并且在那里学习别的思想
Now if all this is true， then why are we getting it so wrong？ Why are we setting up our schools this way and our workplaces？ And why are we making these introverts feel so guilty about wanting to just go off by themselves some of the time？ One answer lies deep in our cultural history。 Western societies， and in particular the U。S。， have always favored the man of action over the man of contemplation and "man" of contemplation。 But in America's early days， we lived in what historians call a culture of character， where we still， at that point， valued people for their inner selves and their moral rectitude。 And if you look at the self—help books from this era， they all had titles with things like "Character， the Grandest Thing in the World。" And they featured role models like Abraham Lincoln who was praised for being modest and unassuming。 Ralph Waldo Emerson called him "A man who does not offend by superiority。"
如果说现在这一切都是真的 那么为什么我们还得到这样错误的结论？ 为什么我们要这样创立我们的学校，还有我们的工作单位？ 为什么我们要让这些内向的人觉得那么愧疚 。对于他们只是想要离开，一个人独处一段时间的事实？ 有一个答案在我们的文化史中埋藏已久 西方社会特别是在美国 总是偏爱有行动的人 而不是有深刻思考的人 有深刻思考的“人” 但是在美国早期的时候 我们生活在一个被历史学家称作“性格特征”的文化 那时我们仍然，在这点上，判断人们的价值 从人们的内涵和道义正直 而且如果你看一看这个时代关于自立的书籍的话 它们都有这样一种标题： “性格”，世界上最伟大的事物 并且它们以亚伯拉罕·林肯这样的为标榜 一个被形容为谦虚低调的男人 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生称他是 “一个以‘优越’二字形容都不为过的人”
But then we hit the 20th century and we entered a new culture that historians call the culture of personality。 What happened is we had evolved an agricultural economy to a world of big business。 And so suddenly people are moving from small towns to the cities。And instead of working alongside people they've known all their lives， now they are having to prove themselves in a crowd of strangers。 So， quite understandably， qualities like magnetism and charisma suddenly come to seem really important。 And sure enough， the self—help books change to meet these new needs and they start to have names like "How to Win Friends and Influence People。" And they feature as their role models really great salesmen。 So that's the world we're living in today。 That's our cultural inheritance。
但是接着我们来到了二十世纪 并且我们融入了一种新的文化 一种被历史学家称作“个性”的文化 所发生的改变就是我们从农业经济发展为 一个大商业经济的世界 而且人们突然开始搬迁从小的城镇搬向城市 并且一改他们之前的在生活中和所熟识的人们一起工作的方式 现在他们在一群陌生人中间有必要去证明自己 这样做是非常可以理解的 像领袖气质和个人魅力这样的品质 突然间似乎变得极为重要 那么可以肯定的是，自助自立的书的`内容变更了以适应这些新的需求 并且它们开始拥有名称 像是《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》（戴尔？卡耐基所著《人性的弱点》） 他们的特点是做自己的榜样 不得不说确实是好的推销员 所以这就是我们今天生活的世界 这是我们的文化遗产
Now none of this is to say that social skills are unimportant， and I'm also not calling for the abolishing of teamwork at all。 The same religions who send their sages off to lonely mountain tops also teach us love and trust。 And the problems that we are facing today in fields like science and in economics are so vast and so complex that we are going to need armies of people coming together to solve them working together。 But I am saying that the more freedom that we give introverts to be themselves， the more likely that they are to come up with their own unique solutions to these problems。
现在没有谁能够说 社交技能是不重要的 并且我也不是想呼吁 大家废除团队合作模式 但仍是相同的宗教，却把他们的圣人送到了孤独的山顶上 仍然教导我们爱与信任 还有我们今天所要面对的问题 像是在科学和经济领域 是如此的巨大和复杂 以至于我们需要人们强有力地团结起来 共同解决这些问题 但是我想说，越给内向者自由让他们做自己 他们就做得越好 去想出他们独特的关于问题的解决办法
So now I'd like to share with you what's in my suitcase today。 Guess what？ Books。 I have a suitcase full of books。 Here's Margaret Atwood， "Cat's Eye。" Here's a novel by Milan Kundera。 And here's "The Guide for the Perplexed" by Maimonides。 But these are not exactly my books。 I brought these books with me because they were written by my grandfather's favorite authors。
所以现在我很高兴同你们分享 我手提箱中的东西 猜猜是什么？ 书 我有一个手提箱里面装满了书 这是玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《猫的眼睛》 这是一本米兰·昆德拉的书 这是一本《迷途指津》 是迈蒙尼德写的 但这些实际上都不是我的书 我还是带着它们，陪伴着我 因为它们都是我祖父最喜爱的作家所写
My grandfather was a rabbi and he was a widower who lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn that was my favorite place in the world when I was growing up， partly because it was filled with his very gentle， very courtly presence and partly because it was filled with books。 I mean literally every table， every chair in this apartment had yielded its original function to now serve as a surface for swaying stacks of books。 Just like the rest of my family， my grandfather's favorite thing to do in the whole world was to read。
我的祖父是一名犹太教祭司 他独身一人 在布鲁克林的一间小公寓中居住 那里是我从小到大在这个世界上最喜爱的地方 部分原因是他有着非常温和亲切的，温文尔雅的举止 部分原因是那里充满了书 我的意思是，毫不夸张地说，公寓中的每张桌子，每张椅子 都充分应用着它原有的功能 就是现在作为承载一大堆都在摇曳的书的表面 就像我其他的家庭成员一样 我祖父在这个世界上最喜欢做的事情就是阅读
But he also loved his congregation， and you could feel this love in the sermons that he gave every week for the 62 years that he was a rabbi。 He would takes the fruits of each week's reading and he would weave these intricate tapestries of ancient and humanist thought。 And people would come from all over to hear him speak。
但是他同样也热爱他的宗教 并且你们可以从他的讲述中感觉到他这种爱 这62年来每周他都作为一名犹太教的祭司 他会从每周的阅读中汲取养分 并且他会编织这些错综复杂的古代和人文主义的思想的挂毯 并且人们会从各个地方前来 听他的讲话
But here's the thing about my grandfather。 Underneath this ceremonial role， he was really modest and really introverted —— so much so that when he delivered these sermons， he had trouble making eye contact with the very same congregation that he had been speaking to for 62 years。 And even away from the podium， when you called him to say hello， he would often end the conversation prematurely for fear that he was taking up too much of your time。 But when he died at the age of 94， the police had to close down the streets of his neighborhood to accommodate the crowd of people who came out to mourn him。 And so these days I try to learn from my grandfather's example in my own way。
但是有这么一件关于我祖父的事情 在这个正式的角色下隐藏着 他是一个非常谦虚的非常内向的人 是那么的谦虚内向以至于当他在向人们讲述的时候 他都不敢有视线上的接触 和同样的教堂会众 他已经发言有62年了 甚至都还远离领奖台 当你们让他说“你好”的时候 他总会提早结束这对话 担心他会占用你太多的时间 但是当他94岁去世的时候 警察们需要封锁他所居住的街道邻里 来容纳拥挤的人们 前来哀悼他的人们 这些天来我都试着从我祖父的事例中学习 以我自己的方式
So I just published a book about introversion， and it took me about seven years to write。And for me， that seven years was like total bliss， because I was reading， I was writing， I was thinking， I was researching。 It was my version of my grandfather's hours of the day alone in his library。 But now all of a sudden my job is very different， and my job is to be out here talking about it， talking about introversion。 （Laughter） And that's a lot harder for me，because as honored as I am to be here with all of you right now， this is not my natural milieu。
所以我就出版了一本关于内向性格的书 它花了我7年的时间完成它 而对我来说，这七年像是一种极大的喜悦 因为我在阅读，我在写作 我在思考，我在探寻 这是我的版本 对于爷爷一天中几个小时都要独自待在图书馆这件事 但是现在突然间我的工作变得很不同了 我的工作变成了站在这里讲述它 讲述内向的性格 （笑声） 而且这对于我来说是有一点困难的 因为我很荣幸 在现在被你们所有人所倾听 这可不是我自然的文化背景
So I prepared for moments like these as best I could。 I spent the last year practicing public speaking every chance I could get。 And I call this my "year of speaking dangerously。" （Laughter） And that actually helped a lot。 But I'll tell you， what helps even more is my sense， my belief， my hope that when it comes to our attitudes to introversion and to quiet and to solitude， we truly are poised on the brink on dramatic change。 I mean， we are。 And so I am going to leave you now with three calls for action for those who share this vision。
所以我准备了一会就像这样 以我所能做到的最好的方式 我花了最近一年的时间练习在公共场合发言 在我能得到的每一个机会中 我把这一年称作我的“危险地发言的一年” （笑声） 而且它的确帮了我很大的忙 但是我要告诉你们一个帮我更大的忙的事情 那就是我的感觉，我的信仰，我的希望 当谈及我们态度的时候 对于内向性格的，对于安静，对于独处的态度时 我们确实是在急剧变化的边缘上保持微妙的平衡 我的意思是，我们在保持平衡 现在我将要给你们留下一些东西 三件对于你们的行动有帮助的事情 献给那些观看我的演讲的人
Number one： Stop the madness for constant group work。 Just stop it。 （Laughter） Thank you。 （Applause） And I want to be clear about what I'm saying， because I deeply believe our offices should be encouraging casual， chatty cafe—style types of interactions —— you know， the kind where people come together and serendipitously have an exchange of ideas。That is great。 It's great for introverts and it's great for extroverts。 But we need much more privacy and much more freedom and much more autonomy at work。 School， same thing。We need to be teaching kids to work together， for sure， but we also need to be teaching them how to work on their own。 This is especially important for extroverted children too。They need to work on their own because that is where deep thought comes from in part。
第一： 停止对于经常要团队协作的执迷与疯狂 停止它就好了 （笑声） 谢谢你们 （掌声） 我想让我所说的事情变得清晰一些 因为我对于我们的办公深信不疑 应该鼓励它们 那种休闲随意的，聊天似的咖啡厅式的相互作用—— 你们知道的，道不同不相为谋，人们聚到一起 并且互相交换着宝贵的意见 这是很棒的 这对于内向者很好，同样对于外向者也好 但是我们需要更多的隐私和更多的自由 还有更多对于我们本身工作的自主权 对于学校，也是同样的。 我们当然需要教会孩子们要一起学习工作 但是我们同样需要教会孩子们怎么样独立完成任务 这对于外向的孩子们来说同样是极为重要的 他们需要独立完成工作 因为从某种程度上，这是他们深刻思考的来源
Okay， number two： Go to the wilderness。 Be like Buddha， have your own revelations。 I'm not saying that we all have to now go off and build our own cabins in the woods and never talk to each other again， but I am saying that we could all stand to unplug and get inside our own heads a little more often。
好了，第二个：去到野外（打开思维） 就像佛祖一样，拥有你们自己对于事物的揭示启迪 我并不是说 我们都要跑去小树林里建造我们自己的小屋 并且之后就永远不和别人说话了 但是我要说我们都可以坚持去去除一些障碍物 然后深入我们自己的大脑思想 时不时得再深入一点
Number three： Take a good look at what's inside your own suitcase and why you put it there。 So extroverts， maybe your suitcases are also full of books。 Or maybe they're full of champagne glasses or skydiving equipment。 Whatever it is， I hope you take these things out every chance you get and grace us with your energy and your joy。 But introverts， you being you， you probably have the impulse to guard very carefully what's inside your own suitcase。 And that's okay。 But occasionally， just occasionally， I hope you will open up your suitcases for other people to see， because the world needs you and it needs the things you carry。
第三点： 好好看一眼你的旅行箱内有什么东西 还有你为什么把它放进去 所以外向者们 也许你们的箱子内同样堆满了书 或者它们装满了香槟的玻璃酒杯 或者是跳伞运动的设备 不管它是什么，我希望每当你们有机会你们就把它拿出来 用你的能量和你的快乐让我们感受到美和享受 但是内向者们，你们作为内向者 你们很可能有仔细保护一切的冲动 在你箱子里的东西 这没有问题 但是偶尔地，只是说偶尔地 我希望你们可以打开你们的手提箱，让别人看一看 因为这个世界需要你们，同样需要你们身上所携带的你们特有的事物
So I wish you the best of all possible journeys and the courage to speak softly。
所以对于你们即将走上的所有旅程，我都给予你们我最美好的祝愿 还有温柔地说话的勇气
Thank you。 Thank you。
非常感谢你们
（掌声）
e ice cream.
See, us kids are going to ansatically be happy and healthy.
es doe from Dr. Roger e of those parents like mine counted it as one of the reasons they felt confident to pull their kids from traditional school to try something different. I realized Im part of this small, but groputer hacker, he hacked skiing. His creativity and inventions made skiing munity, and through a net around the nation, and that sparked my love of e basic physics concepts like kinetic energy through experimenting and making mistakes.
My favorite munity organizations play a big part in my education, High Fives Foundations Basics program being aizing hats and selling them. The people cliff-to-cliff. Skiing to me is freedom, and so is my education, its about being creative; doing things differently, its about community and helping each other. Its about being happy and healthy among my very best friends.
So Im starting to think, I know what I might want to do when I grow up, but if you ask me what do I want to be when I grow up? Ill always know that I want to be happy. Thank you.
人有了钱就会变坏？社会心理学家Paul Piff通过操纵大富翁游戏做了一个有趣的实验，测试人们感到富有时会如何表现。
I want you to， for a moment， think about playing a game of Monopoly， except in this game， that combination of skill， talent and luck that help earn you success in games， as in life， has been rendered irrelevant， because this game's been rigged， and you've got the upper hand。 You've got more money， more opportunities to move around the board， and more access to resources。 And as you think about that experience， I want you to ask yourself， how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged game change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player？
So we ran a study on the U。C。 Berkeley campus to look at exactly that question。 We brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab， and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player in a rigged game。 They got two times as much money。 When they passed Go， they collected twice the salary， and they got to roll both dice instead of one， so they got to move around the board a lot more。 （Laughter） And over the course of 15 minutes， we watched through hidden cameras what happened。 And what I want to do today， for the first time， is show you a little bit of what we saw。 You're going to have to pardon the sound quality， in some cases， because again， these were hidden cameras。 So we've provided subtitles。 Rich Player： How many 500s did you have？ Poor Player： Just one。
Rich Player： Are you serious。 Poor Player： Yeah。
Rich Player： I have three。 （Laughs） I don't know why they gave me so much。
Paul Piff： Okay， so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up。 One person clearly has a lot more money than the other person， and yet， as the game unfolded， we saw very notable differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players。 The rich player started to move around the board louder， literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around。 We were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs， displays of power and celebration among the rich players。
We had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side。 It's on the bottom right corner there。 That allowed us to watch participants' consummatory behavior。 So we're just tracking how many pretzels participants eat。
Rich Player： Are those pretzels a trick？
Poor Player： I don't know。
PP： Okay， so no surprises， people are onto us。 They wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place。 One even asks， like you just saw， is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick？ And yet， despite that， the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate， and those rich players start to eat more pretzels。
Rich Player： I love pretzels。
（Laughter）
PP： And as the game went on， one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person， less and less sensitive to the plight of those poor， poor players， and more and more demonstrative of their material success， more likely to showcase how well they're doing。 Rich Player： I have money for everything。 Poor Player： How much is that？ Rich Player： You owe me 24 dollars。 You're going to lose all your money soon。 I'll buy it。 I have so much money。 I have so much money， it takes me forever。 Rich Player 2： I'm going to buy out this whole board。 Rich Player 3： You're going to run out of money soon。 I'm pretty much untouchable at this point。
PP： Okay， and here's what I think was really， really interesting， is that at the end of the 15 minutes， we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game。 And when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of Monopoly —— （Laughter） — they talked about what they'd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in the game， and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation， including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place。 And that's a really， really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage。
Now this game of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure， wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status， and a lot of people don't。 They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources。 And what my colleagues and I for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies。 What we've been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a person's levels of wealth increase， their feelings of compassion and empathy go down， and their feelings of entitlement， of deservingness， and their ideology of self—interest increases。 In surveys， we found that it's actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good， and that the pursuit of self—interest is favorable and moral。 Now what I want to do today is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self—interest， talk about why we should care about those implications， and end with what might be done。
Every kid needs a champion
每个孩子都需要一个冠军演讲稿中英对照：
I have spent my entire life either at the schoolhouse, on the way to the schoolhouse, or talking about what happens in the schoolhouse. Both my parents were educators, my maternal grandparents were educators, and for the past 40 years I've done the same thing. And so, needless to say, over those years I've had a chance to look at education reform from a lot of
perspectives. Some of those reforms have been good. Some of them have been not so good. And we know why kids drop out. We know why kids don't learn. It's either poverty, low attendance, negative peer influences. We know why. But one of the things that we never discuss or we rarely discuss is the value and importance of human connection, relationships.
我这辈子，要么是在学校，要么在去学校的路上，要么是在讨论学校里发生了什么事。我的父母都是教育家，我的外祖父母也都是搞教育的，过去40年我也在从事同样的事业。所以，很显然，过去的这些年里，我有机会从各个角度审视教育改革。一些改革是有成效的。而另一些却收效甚微。我们知道孩子们为什么掉队辍学。我们知道孩子们为什么学不下去。原因无非是贫穷，低出席率，同龄人的坏影响。我们知道为什么。但是我们从未讨论或者极少讨论的是人和人之间的那种联系的价值和重要性，这就是“关系”。
James Comer says that no significant learning can occur without a significant relationship. George Washington Carver says all learning is understanding relationships. Everyone in this room has been affected by a teacher or an adult.
For years, I have watched people teach. I have looked at the best and I've look at some of the worst.
James Comer (美国著名儿童精神科医师）说过，没有强有力的联系，学习就不会有显著的进步。 George Washington Carver（美国著名教育学家）说过，学习就是理解各种关系。在座的各位都曾经被一位老师或者一个成年人影响过。这么多年，我都在看人们怎么教学。我看过最好的也看过最差的。
A colleague said to me one time, "They don't pay me to like the kids. They pay me to teach a lesson. The kids should learn it. I should teach it. They should learn it. Case closed."
一次有个同事跟我说， “我的职责不是喜欢那些孩子们。我的职责是教书。孩子们就该去学。我管教课，他们管学习。就是这么个理儿。”
Well, I said to her, "You know, kids don't learn from people they don't like." 然后，我就跟她说， “你知道，孩子们可不跟他们讨厌的人学习。”
(Laughter) (Applause)
（笑声）（掌声）
She said, "That's just a bunch of hooey."
她接着说，“一派胡言。”
And I said to her, "Well, your year is going to be long and arduous, dear." 然后我对她说，“那么，亲爱的，你这一年会变得十分漫长和痛苦。”
Needless to say it was. Some people think that you can either have it in you to build a relationship or you don't. I think Stephen Covey had the right idea. He
said you ought to just throw in a few simple things, like seeking first to
understand as opposed to being understood, simple things like apologizing. You ever thought about thatTell a kid you're sorry, they're in shock.
事实也果真如此。有些人认为一个人或者天生可以建立一种关系或者不具有这种能力。我认为Stephen Covey（美国教育家）是对的。他说你只需要做一些简单的事情，比如试着首先理解他人，而不是想要被理解，比如道歉。你想过吗？跟一个孩子说你很对不起，他们都惊呆了。
I taught a lesson once on ratios. I'm not real good with math, but I was working on it. And I got back and looked at that teacher edition. I'd taught the whole lesson wrong. (Laughter)
我有一次讲比例。我数学不是很好，但是我当时在教数学。然后我下了课，翻看了教师用书。我完全教错了。（笑声）
So I came back to class the next day, and I said, "Look, guys, I need to apologize. I taught the whole lesson wrong. I'm so sorry."
所以我第二天回到班上说， “同学们，我要道歉。我昨天的课都教错了。我非常抱歉。”
They said, "That's okay, Ms. Pierson. You were so excited, we just let you go." (Laughter) (Applause)
他们说，“没关系，Pierson老师。你当时教得非常投入，我们就让你继续了。” （笑声）（掌声）
I have had classes that were so low, so academically deficient that I cried. I wondered, how am I going to take this group in nine months from where they
are to where they need to beAnd it was difficult. It was awfully hard. How do I raise the self-esteem of a child and his academic achievement at the same time
我曾经教过程度非常低的班级，学术素养差到我都哭了。我当时就想，我怎么能在9个月之内把这些孩子提升到他们必须具备的水平？这真的很难，太艰难了。我怎么能让一个孩子重拾自信的同时他在学术上也有进步？
One year I came up with a bright idea. I told all my students, "You were chosen to be in my class because I am the best teacher and you are the best students, they put us all together so we could show everybody else how to do it."
有一年我有了一个非常好的主意。我告诉我的学生们， “你们进了我的班级，因为我是最好的老师，而你们是最好的学生，他们把我们放在一起来给其他人做个好榜样。”
One of the students said, "Really" (Laughter)
一个学生说，“真的吗？” （笑声）
I said, "Really. We have to show the other classes how to do it, so when we walk down the hall, people will notice us, so you can't make noise. You just have to strut." And I gave them a saying to say: "I am somebody. I was
somebody when I came. I'll be a better somebody when I leave. I am powerful, and I am strong. I deserve the education that I get here. I have things to do, people to impress, and places to go."
我说，“当然是真的。我们要给其他班级做个榜样，当我们走在楼道里，因为大家都会注意到我们，我们不能吵闹。大家要昂首阔步。” 我还给了他们一个口号：“我是个人物。我来的时候是个人物。我毕业的时候会变成一个更好的人物。我
很有力，很强大。我值得在这里受教育。我有很多事情要做，我要让人们记住我，我要去很多地方。”
And they said, "Yeah!"
然后他们说：“是啊！”
You say it long enough, it starts to be a part of you.
如果你长时间的这么说，它就会开始变成事实。
And so — (Applause) I gave a quiz, 20 questions. A student missed 18. I put a "+2" on his paper and a big smiley face.
所以－（掌声）我做了一个小测验，20道题。一个孩子错了18道。我在他了卷子上写了个“＋2”和一个大的笑脸。
He said, "Ms. Pierson, is this an F"
他说，“Pierson老师，这是不及格吗？”
I said, "Yes."
我说，“是的。”
He said, "Then why'd you put a smiley face"
他接着说，“那你为什么给我一个笑脸？”
I said, "Because you're on a roll. You got two right. You didn't miss them all." I said, "And when we review this, won't you do better"
我说，“因为你正渐入佳境。你没有全错，还对了两个。” 我说，“我们复习这些题的时候，难道你不会做得更好吗？”
I'd like to share with you a discovery that I made a few months ago while writing an article for Italian Wired. I always keep my thesaurus handy whenever I'm writing anything, but I'd already finished editing the piece, and I realized that I had never once in my life looked up the word "disabled" to see what I'd find.
Let me read you the entry. "Disabled, adjective: crippled, helpless, useless, wrecked, stalled, maimed, wounded, mangled, lame, mutilated, run-down, worn-out, weakened, impotent, castrated, paralyzed, handicapped, senile, decrepit, laid-up, done-up, done-for, done-in cracked-up, counted-out; see also hurt, useless and weak. Antonyms, healthy, strong, capable." I was reading this list out loud to a friend and at first was laughing, it was so ludicrous, but I'd just gotten past "mangled," and my voice broke, and I had to stop and collect myself from the emotional shock and impact that the assault from these words unleashed.
You know, of course, this is my raggedy old thesaurus so I'm thinking this must be an ancient print date, right? But, in fact, the print date was the early 1980s, when I would have been starting primary school and forming an understanding of myself outside the family unit and as related to the other kids and the world around me. And, needless to say, thank God I wasn't using a thesaurus back then. I mean, from this entry, it would seem that I was born into a world that perceived someone like me to have nothing positive whatsoever going for them, when in fact, today I'm celebrated for the opportunities and adventures my life has procured.
So, I immediately went to look up the 20__ online edition, expecting to find a revision worth noting. Here's the updated version of this entry. Unfortunately, it's not much better. I find the last two words under "Near Antonyms," particularly unsettling: "whole" and "wholesome."
So, it's not just about the words. It's what we believe about people when we name them with these words. It's about the values behind the words, and how we construct those values. Our language affects our thinking and how we view the world and how we view other people. In fact, many ancient societies, including the Greeks and the Romans, believed that to utter a curse verbally was so powerful, because to say the thing out loud brought it into existence. So, what reality do we want to call into existence: a person who is limited, or a person who's empowered? By casually doing something as simple as naming a person, a child, we might be putting lids and casting shadows on their power. Wouldn't we want to open doors for them instead?
One such person who opened doors for me was my childhood doctor at the A.I. duPont Institute in Wilmington, Delaware. His name was Dr. Pizzutillo, an Italian American, whose name, apparently, was too difficult for most Americans to pronounce, so he went by Dr. P. And Dr. P always wore really colorful bow ties and had the very perfect disposition to work with children.
I loved almost everything about my time spent at this hospital, with the exception of my physical therapy sessions. I had to do what seemed like innumerable repetitions of exercises with these thick, elastic bands -- different colors, you know -- to help build up my leg muscles, and I hated these bands more than anything -- I hated them, had names for them. I hated them. And, you know, I was already bargaining, as a five year-old child, with Dr. P to try to get out of doing these exercises, unsuccessfully, of course. And, one day, he came in to my session -- exhaustive and unforgiving, these sessions -- and he said to me, "Wow. Aimee, you are such a strong and powerful little girl, I think you're going to break one of those bands. When you do break it, I'm going to give you a hundred bucks."
Now, of course, this was a simple ploy on Dr. P's part to get me to do the exercises I didn't want to do before the prospect of being the richest five-year-old in the second floor ward, but what he effectively did for me was reshape an awful daily occurrence into a new and promising experience for me. And I have to wonder today to what extent his vision and his declaration of me as a strong and powerful little girl shaped my own view of myself as an inherently strong, powerful and athletic person well into the future.
This is an example of how adults in positions of power can ignite the power of a child. But, in the previous instances of those thesaurus entries, our language isn't allowing us to evolve into the reality that we would all want, the possibility of an individual to see themselves as capable. Our language hasn't caught up with the changes in our society, many of which have been brought about by technology. Certainly, from a medical standpoint, my legs, laser surgery for vision impairment, titanium knees and hip replacements for aging bodies that are allowing people to more fully engage with their abilities, and move beyond the limits that nature has imposed on them -- not to mention social networking platforms allow people to self-identify, to claim their own descriptions of themselves, so they can go align with global groups of their own choosing. So, perhaps technology is revealing more clearly to us now what has always been a truth: that everyone has something rare and powerful to offer our society, and that the human ability to adapt is our greatest asset.
演说题目：Questioning the universe
演说者：Stephen Hawking
There is nothing bigger or older than the universe. The questions I would like to talk about are: one, where did we come from? How did the universe come into being? Are we alone in the universe? Is there alien life out there? What is the future of the human race?
没什么比宇宙更广大更久远的了。你们的问题中我想聊一下的是：你我何从?宇宙何来?宇宙中就只有我们?有外星异生物么?人类的未来将会如何?
Up until the 1920s, everyone thought the universe was essentially static and unchanging in time. Then it was discovered that the universe was expanding. Distant galaxies were moving away from us. This meant they must have been closer together in the past. If we extrapolate back, we find we must have all been on top of each other about 15 billion years ago. This was the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe.
上世纪20xx年代之前，所有人都以为宇宙基本上是处于稳态，流金岁月，持恒不变。之后我们发现原来宇宙正在膨胀中。辽远星系一直飞离我们，这意味着它们必定曾相靠近。我们若往后推算，就会发现我们必都曾於约150亿年前，互相堆叠在一起。正是这 "霹雳大爆炸" ——宇宙之起始。
But was there anything before the Big Bang? If not, what created the universe? Why did the universe emerge from the Big Bang the way it did? We used to think that the theory of the universe could be divided into two parts. First, there were the laws like Maxwell's equations and general relativity that determined the evolution of the universe, given its state over all of space at one time. And second, there was no question of the initial state of the universe.
然而大爆炸前可有什么吗?若是没有，又是什么创造宇宙呢?宇宙缘何要从大霹雳中冒出呢?过往我们都认为宇宙论可分成两部分，首先，是定律。像“麦克斯韦方程组”'和 “广义相对论”以其于同一刻设定整个时空之状态，而决定了宇宙之演化进程。次之，是对宇宙雏形的疑问。
We have made good progress on the first part, and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution in all but the most extreme conditions. But until recently, we have had little idea about the initial conditions for the universe. However, this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions depends on time and space being separate and distinct.
第一部分我们取得良好进展，除了“至极端境况”'以外。现在已对演化规律于所有境况下之进程有所掌握。可直至最近，我们仍对宇宙初生当时之周围条件不甚了了。然而，这演化律及初始条件之界分，乃囿于"时 空分明"之概念内。
Under extreme conditions, general relativity and quantum theoryallow time to behave like another dimension of space. This removes the distinction between time and space, and means the laws of evolution can also determine the initial state. The universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing.
而於极端条件下，广义相对论及量子论容许“时间”如同“空间”的另一维度般运作。这就将“时.空”之间区别移除了，即是说演化律 亦可决定初始状态。宇宙可以由无变有自我创生!
Moreover, we can calculate a probability that the universe was created in different states. These predictions are in excellent agreement with observations by the WMAP satellite of the cosmic microwave background, which is an imprint of the very early universe. We think we have solved the mystery of creation. Maybe we should patent the universe and charge everyone royalties for their existence.
我们甚至可以计算出宇宙在不同情况下诞生的可能性。这些推论与WMAP卫星所观测到的宇宙微波背景辐射(即大爆炸之痕迹)相当一致。我们相信已勘破了创造奥秘或许我们应将“宇宙”给注册，然后向每个生存于世的人收“生活费”。
I now turn to the second big question: are we alone, or is there other life in the universe? We believe that life arose spontaneously on the Earth, so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets, of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy.
现在我转到第二个大问题去，宇宙中就只有我们，还是另有其它生物?我们相信生命从地球自我衍生，故此生命确有可能出现於其它合适星球——星河中看来可有不少呢。
But we don't know how life first appeared. We have two pieces of observational evidence on the probability of life appearing. The first is that we have fossils of algae from 3.5 billion years ago. The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years. So life appeared on Earth within half a billion years of it being possible, which is short compared to the 10-billion-year lifetime of a planet of Earth type. This suggests that the probability of life appearing is reasonably high. If it was very low, one would have expected it to take most of the ten billion years available.
但我们仍未搅通生命是如何生成：对於生命诞生的可能契机，我们有两项观测得来的佐证。首先我们有来自35亿年前的海藻化石。地球于46亿年前形成，头约5亿年相信仍太热了。故此生命于其变得可能后的5亿年间方出现，这相对于像地球之类百亿年期的星体，只算是一段短时间。这意味着生命出现的概率是颇高的。若是低的话，就可预期要花尽百亿年的绝大部分才会出现。
On the other hand, we don't seem to have been visited by aliens. I am discounting the reports of UFOs.Why would they appear only to cranks and weirdos? If there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring, it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far. Furthermore, despite an extensive search by the SETI project, we haven't heard any alien television quiz shows. This probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations at our stage of development within a radius of a few hundred light years. Issuing an insurance policy against abduction by aliens seems a pretty safe bet.
另一方面，我们似乎从未见有外星人到访。我不信那些什么“不明物体的报导”。它们干吗要单向那些古古怪怪的人现身呢?若真有一个甚麽政府阴谋要将报导打住，从而将外星人所带来之科学识据为己有，那可真像个既离奇，亦从未见效的举措。再说，即便SETI计划已进行广泛探索，我们还没有收听到任何外太空电视答问节目。这可能昭示在我们现阶段文明发展之方圆数百光年范围之内，并没有其它外星异文化。卖保险给那些怕被外星人绑架的人，看来是个不错的选择。
This brings me to the last of the big questions: the future of the human race. If we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy, we should make sure we survive and continue. But we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history. Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth are growing exponentially, along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill. But our genetic code still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts that were of survival advantage in the past. It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster in the next hundred years, let alone the next thousand or million.
这送我到了最后一个大问题：人类的前途。若我们是星河里唯一智能生物，就必须确保自己能存活并延续下去。但我们正迈入历史中一个愈发危险的时段。我们的人囗和对地球有限资源的耗用，正以几何级数增长，相随的是我们将环境或弄好或弄垮的技术才能，至于我们的基因指令则仍带着那自私和好斗的本质，这或有利于我们过往求存，却又让我们于往后数百年内人祸难逃。更别说未来千百万年了。
Our only chance of long-term survival is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth, but to spread out into space. The answers to these big questions show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years. But if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years, our future is in space.That is why I am in favor of manned — or should I say, personned — space flight.
我们长活下去的唯一机会，不是一直呆着在地球而是冲出太空去。这些大问题之解答显示我们于过去数百年取得可观进展。可若要超越未来数百年，们的前途在于太空。正因此，我较倾向于 "人" 控——( man 于英语中可单指'人或“男人”) 或许我应说，由人驾驶之太空旅航。
All of my life I have sought to understand the universe and find answers to these questions. I have been very lucky that my disability has not been a serious handicap. Indeed, it has probably given me more time than most people to pursue the quest for knowledge. The ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe, and we are making good progress. Thank you for listening.
我一生都在探究想要了解宇宙并找出这些问题之答案。我一直都非常幸运，我的残疾并没造成严重障礙;说真的，这反倒让我比大部分人获得更多时间以从事知识之追求。终极目标是一套完备的宇宙论，而我们已有良好进展。感谢您们的聆听。
Chris Anderson: Professor, if you had to guess either way, do you now believe that it is more likely than not that we are alone in the Milky Way, as a civilization of our level of intelligence or higher? This answer took seven minutes, and really gave me an insight into the incredible act of generosity this whole talk was for TED.
安德森：教授，若您必须二选其一作猜测，此刻您是较相信还是较不相信我们是天河中唯一现水平或更高水平之智能文化?准备这答案已花了7分多钟，真让我深切体会到这整个演讲为TED所付出之，让人难以置信之慷慨。
Stephen Hawking: I think it quite likely that we are the only civilization within several hundred light years; otherwise we would have heard radio waves. The alternative is that civilizations don't last very long, but destroy themselves.
霍金：我想我们应该是数百光年范围内之独一文明;否则我们应已收听到电波。另一种可能是，该等文明都维持不久，就自我毁灭掉。
CA: Professor Hawking, thank you for that answer. We will take it as a salutary warning, I think, for the rest of our conference this week. Professor, we really thank you for the extraordinary effort you madeto share your questions with us today. Thank you very much indeed.
安德森： 霍金教授，谢谢您的解答。我想，我们会将之作为这一周余下会谈之座右铭。教授，我们衷心感谢您今天为与我们分享您的问题所作出之卓越贡献。真的非常感谢您。
(Applause)
(掌声)
The love between family members is precious only when we areparted,maybe.The love between my father and me is clearer,only
when it is conducted by a three-thousand-kilometre-long phone line,and onlythen the bad time when we had some argument between us. These past few years,Ifelt regret for not understanding my Dad for so long.If only I were a good boy!My Dad didn't demand that I should be very good at studying,never.He just hopedthat I could live creatively.In my life,he sets a good example for me andteaches me how to study,how to be a good man and how to live in the world!
01. Remember to say thank you
Hi. I'm here to talk to you about the importance of praise, admiration and thank you, and having it be specific and genuine.
And the way I got interested in this was, I noticed in myself, when I was growing up, and until about a few years ago, that I would want to say thank you to someone, I would want to praise them, I would want to take in their praise of me and I'd just stop it. And I asked myself, why? I felt shy, I felt embarrassed. And then my question became, am I the only one who does this? So, I decided to investigate.
I'm fortunate enough to work in the rehab facility, so I get to see people who are facing life and death with addiction. And sometimes it comes down to something as simple as, their core wound is their father died without ever saying he's proud of them. But then, they hear from all the family and friends that the father told everybody else that he was proud of him, but he never told the son. It's because he didn't know that his son needed to hear it.
So my question is, why don't we ask for the things that we need? I know a gentleman, married for 25 years, who's longing to hear his wife say, "Thank you for being the breadwinner, so I can stay home with the kids," but won't ask. I know a woman who's good at this. She, once a week, meets with her husband and says, "I'd really like you to thank me for all these things I did in the house and with the kids." And he goes, "Oh, this is great, this is great." And praise really does have to be genuine, but she takes responsibility for that. And a friend of mine, April, who I've had since kindergarten, she thanks her children for doing their chores. And she said, "
But before I show you what’s inside,
I will tell you that’s going to do incredible things for you .
It will bring all of your family together.
You will feel loved and appreciated like never before.
And reconnect to friends and acquaintances you haven’t heard from in years.
Adoration and admiration will overwhelm you.
It will recalibrate what’s important in your life.
It will redefine your sense of spirituality and faith.
You’ll have a new understanding and trust in your body.
You’ll have unsurpassed vitality and energy.
You’ll expand your vocabulary, meet new people, and you’ll have a healthier lifestyle. And get this, you’ll have an eight-week vacation of doing absolutely nothing.
You’ll eat countless gourmet meals.
Flowers will arrive by the truck load.
People will say to you: “you look great! Have you had any work done?”
And you’ll have a life-time supply of good drugs.
You’ll be challenged, inspired, motivated and humbled.
Your life will have new meaning: peace, health, serenity, happiness, nirvana.
The price?
Fifty-five thousand dollars.
And that’s an incredible deal.
By now, I know you’re dying to know what it is and where you can get one.
Does Amazon carry it?
Dose it have the Apple logo on it?
Is there a waiting list?
Not likely.
This gift came to me about five months ago.
And looked more like this when it was all wrapped up.
Not quite so pretty.
And this.
And then this.
It was a rare jam.
A brain tumor.
Hemangioblastoma.
The gift that keeps on giving.
And while I’m ok now.
I wouldn’t wish this gift for you.
I’m not sure you’d want it.
But I would’t change my experience.
It profoundly altered my life in ways it didn’t expect.
In all the ways I just shared with you.
So the next time you are faced with something that’s unexpected, unwanted and uncertain. Consider that it just may be a gift.